Business Research Methods (SPSS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Business Research Methods (SPSS) - Essay Example As a rule, a game-plan that one expects to do will quite often be done (Ajzen and Fishbein 1975). The key expansion present in the later Theory of Planned Behavior as clarified by Miller (2005) is that apparent social control currently becomes possibly the most important factor. The explanation for said expansion is that while individuals may truly need to finish on a specific game-plan, they may do not have the certainty or control to do as such, or are in any case being kept down by different factors †to cite the Bible, ‘the soul might be willing, yet the tissue is weak’. An example where this comes to play can without much of a stretch be found on account of somebody who attempts and neglects to abstain from food. Just the individuals who are trained enough can really prevail in this undertaking; very regularly, all things considered, the individual will inevitably surrender to the allurement of gorging. Unmistakably for this situation, one needs the conduct cont rol to state ‘no’ to the appearing alarm call of the smorgasbord table and to concentrate on his eating regimen. At the end of the day, it isn't simply one’s individual mentalities and discernments that currently choose what one will do. While these still mean something, and in reality are as yet the main factor in whether a specific activity will be done, social weights and one’s feeling of control will currently consider for something great. Along these lines, one’s choices are not, at this point exclusively reliant on his own discernments and sentiments on the circumstance. Rather, one will presently consider how society sees the particular decisions close by, and how well he can submit or finish on a given result (Cooke and Sheeran 2004). The last part is particularly significant †which is the explanation behind its expansion to the hypothesis in any case. As referenced by the previously mentioned Bible refrain, we may not generally finish on an activity that we are slanted towards (Armitage and Conner 2001). Something else, for example, people ought to have had the option to in a split second finish on their purpose to go in a specific direction. Somebody who wanted to stop smoking should have the option to do so quickly, yet might be hampered by questions on whether he will have the option to stop †if this occurs, he truly won't have the option to stop. That, however one’s saw and in this manner genuine conduct control can likewise be influenced by the observations and assessments of people around him, which may once in a while show, in addition to other things, as friend pressure (Ajzen 1985). As anybody, in actuality, will concede, family members, companions and collaborators unintentionally influence their choices in voicing out their own perspectives on the issue. All things considered, a portion of these people will have more effect on choices concerning certain zones; for instance, choices in regar ds to one’s family will obviously be affected most by family members and family, as they are the ones straightforwardly concerned. What's more, therefore, the greatest effect on one’s vocation moves will be his managers and partners. Normal practices, then again, are substantially more changed, being portrayed by Schulz et al (2007) as being either spellbinding or injunctive in nature. Clear standards portray the conduct of a specific gathering, and incorporate cliché articulations, for example, how x out of y individuals favor a specific brand, or something comparative. In the interim, injunctive standards are increasingly unpretentious, and allude to specific prompts or signals about how a

The Role and the Policy of Teaching EFL in Saudi Arabia

Question: Talk About the Role and the Policy of Teaching EFL in Saudi Arabia ? Answer: The job and the approach of instructing EFL in Saudi Arabia English is one of the commanding dialects on the planet. Numerous countries have received English as an unknown dialect (EFL) in light of the fact that it is the essential correspondence language that can ease exchanging and different exercises. The facts demonstrate that outsiders are able to do socially intermixing with the locals if there is a solitary type of language that is set up on the grounds that individuals originate from various foundations. In association with that, Saudi Arabia is one of the Muslim-commanded country, and Arabic is the generally utilized language. For quite a while Saudi Arabia has been subject to oils, and consequently, the nation has been seeing positive development with respect to infrastructural improvement and social union. Different parts remain underutilized because of absence of specialists fundamentally contributed by absence of a solitary language that can join both the Saudis and the outsiders. Thus, presenting and fortifying the utilization o f English as an unknown dialect (EFL) has become a key worry for bettering the lives of Saudis inside and outside the country. Along these lines inside and out examination of jobs and approaches of instructing EFL in Saudi Arabia is basic to the comprehension and accomplishment of vision 2030. At first, the Saudis were migrants who moved alongside their groups looking for food and water. This realm is referred to have developed as a little country that has as of now developed to an unmistakable country. As the requests for financial worth developed, the nation began extending and monetarily becoming because of ownership of important oil sources. Around then there were limits on the spread of formal instruction in light of the fact that the country is Muslim commanded. Al-Saadat and Al-Braik (2004) delineates that during the 1920s, the state noticed the developing wastefulness because of the appropriation Arabia language and steps towards actualizing state-controlled instruction were imperative. During that period, King Abdul Aziz was the prevailing man who supported the changes of the Ministry of Education. In 1925, an extraordinary branch Directorate of Education' was shaped and its reality can be recognized state-of-the-art. As indicated by Cooper (1989), the foundation of formalized schools was seen in 1939.During that time Saudi Arabia relied upon Egypt and Syria for reinforcing scholastic foundations because of absence of funds and national researchers. In 1936 foundation of grant arrangement Schools (SPS) was accomplished in Makkah which denoted the initiation of current secondary school scholastics and educating of English in Saudi Arabia (Ur Rahman Alhaisoni, 2013). Regardless of monetary imperatives to help grant programs, enrolment of basic instruction recorded a dynamic development during the 1950s. The program was completely upheld by the legislature, and after a brief period, the school model had embraced the means of Lebanon and Syria which were in accordance with the British type of realizing whose premise was the English language. Alshumaimeri (2012) noticed that the arrangement of encouraging that is trained today in Saudi Arabia was established in 1953.This came because of Saudi Arabia encountering basic sovereignties from the offer of oils. Afterward, the nation began seeing oil convergence which constrained it to send instructors to another country on grant projects to bring back aptitudes that were vital to the nation development. Around then lack of education rate was high and not many individuals could peruse and communicate in English. The administration additionally noticed the worries realized by the researchers and chose to address them by offering the recompenses and motivators to the supported understudies locally and globally, subsequently, reassuring them to truly embrace instruction to better their lives and the lives of others (Bashehab Buddhapriya, 2013). In the late 1940s, the administration of Saudi Arabia saw that as free it was basic to move from the British-based Egyptian model to an increasingly strict moderate discussion, an issue that is apparent in school standards and course books. It is from such thought processes that empowered the legislature of Saudi Arabia to observe the origination of Mecca, the primary advanced education establishment. This school esteemed language to the degree of actualizing decides that saw the language showed two hours out of each week for a period fours according to the desires for the school. As referenced before that English is a language that develops union, this idea was experienced during that time. Because of the effortlessness of conveying in English, the United States was seen to have been associated with the illicit relationships of the realm of Saudi Arabia by demonstrating extraordinary interests in the oil exchange. This rendered English language instructing pertinent to advance social and monetary improvement in Saudi Arabia. In 1970, the service of training as a team with the administration actualized English language instructing schedule that could be presented at the auxiliary level (Rahman Alhaisoni, 2013). This was an eye-opener for understudies to create basic reasoning and upgrade individual English abilities that would be a measuring stick to college affirmation. The understudies were urged to stick to English figuring out how to comprehend its qualities on social and monetary points of view. Later course books and other related materials were distributed in accordance with Saudi Arabian culture. The perspective on English language and its significance was acquainted with address the need to upgrade syntax, regulating orthography and arrangement of speakers and essayists by actualizing word reference use. In this conclusion, English language educating was clung to by putting the attention on the types of language which later went to be Corpus arranging idea,' an indispensable piece of correspondence achievement that was valued by others. The oral customs uncover the mentalities individuals have when learning new dialects. Al-Hazmi (2003) features that the main methods by which English language origination would take were by grasping the standards of the speakers who are known to be politically ground-breaking. Additionally, he saw that despite the fact that language use would be advanced by the politically prevailing gatherings, it was insufficient to yield a lot of impact to an enormous number of residents. This made ready for the presentation of composed materials that indi viduals would allude to and comprehend the all the mandates of English that would stick into their brains through rehashed reference to the gave materials. Besides, AL-Abdulkareem (1993) found that to impact numerous individuals to grasp different English language codes; there was a need to make usage endeavor and make it formal to individuals. This would get grasps by permitting the decision governments to detail rules that would allow the utilization of one worthy type of language to incorporate different clans under one rooftop. The elaboration and codification of corpus arranging' were concentrated on upgrading execution of English language use and adaptation to the cutting edge world. Al-Rasheed (2013) noticed the presence of a hole that was expanding because of embracement of own neighborhood dialects at global level. Al-Nafjan (2012) sets that there could be difficulties confronting specific countries with respect to exchange because of the misconception that was brought by the language distinction. The perspectives as referenced before carried strain to the administration of Saudi Arabia to choose the full scale arrangements that would fit the inhabitants just as decide the official and alluring language codes to address the issues of a specific country and the entire world. The mission to refresh the Arabic to the English language was viewed as the administration duty to impact and change the general public for better adapting to different nonmembers quiet. At the end of the day, Establishment of Engli sh as the unknown dialect (EFL) in different non-English talking countries was profoundly valued and worthy. As per Al-Nasser, (2015), Saudi Arabian realm is known to have taken steps critical to the recovery of the countries monetary objectives and targets. The administration is broadly known for its oil creation which has seen it focuses a ton of income from the endeavor. Albeit Saudi Arabia is creating to an extraordinary country, much accentuation has been put to imitate English Language use to upgrade open cooperation and other private partners who assume a noteworthy job in the extension of the nation economy. Al-Rasheed (2013) proposes that the training framework has been confronting difficulties of embracing the science, innovation, designing and arithmetic (STEM). Without a doubt, the realm's most significant objective is to guarantee creation of able basic scholars just as pioneering aptitudes that can fit in the progressing worldwide world. The legislature built up a methodology for actualizing the free instruction that urged everybody to get the chance to examine. The methodology dealt with dinners and recompense to the destitute individuals henceforth boosting their desire to learn. Research done by Commins (2008) shows that those understudies who withstood the examinations to college level were without given convenience and advantages that could keep up them up to the end. In 2014, English educational program was presented by the service of instruction. This directed the educating of English subject in the evaluation six schools which went about as the reason for the presentation of English at the primary schools. As indicated by Alamri (2008), the instructing of English as an unknown dialect (EFL) saw Saudi Arabia accomplish higher financial walks by joining methodologies and aptitudes that would empower the country to meet its destinations and long haul objectives. In 2013, English language educational plan was cre ated to deal with all degrees of scholastics to at any rate empower the country to accomplish vision 2030.All those projects by the service of training have permitted the nation to observe addition of English language educators who

Absolute Guide for Beginners on How to Write a Precis

Absolute Guide for Beginners on How to Write a Precis Writing a precis is not an easy task, especially for beginners. Here we have defined the step by step procedure on how to write a precis. But before getting started, lets have a look at what is precis? What is Precis? Summary What is Precis?Feature of a Good PrecisUses of precis writingRules of Precis WritingHow to write a Precis?Qualities of PrecisClarityCorrectnessObjectivityCoherenceConcisenessPoints must be included in PrecisPoints must be avoided in PrecisConclusion A precis is a clear and concise statement of the substance of a lengthier passage in a distinct and connected shape. A precis should be accurate, clear, and brief. A précis reviews a reading that students have completed. The précis’s length may be different significantly; it may be around 100-200 words or approximately 1/5 to 1/6 of the length of the original text. Feature of a Good Precis The text must have precision and clarity.The student must not lift the sentences from the actual text. They tend to use their own words.A precis requires to be concise to convey essential instead of secondary data or information.  Also, the main points must be listed in their entirety, cover the material as broadly as possible.It is a text summary and not a summarized version.Writing must be in a logical order. It must be well-connected.It must have a title.In addition, it must not have any inappropriate detailsDo not take data from outside articles. Uses of precis writing Precis writing forces students to pay closer attention to what they read as no one may write a passage summary unless they carefully read it. It also helps to improve overall writing skills. It teaches you how to understand the thoughts concisely, effectively, and clearly. Students learn to choose words carefully and make the sentences concisely and logically. Rules of Precis Writing It must be clear and precise. Precis writing is not lifting the words from the actual paragraph. It must be well-written in an organized manner in their own words. It must be appropriately summarized and a miniature version of the actual paragraph. How to write a Precis? Carefully read the article and mark or highlight the main ideas.Try to reveal what the author intends to communicate by the text.Take a close aspect of the evidence that the author has been used.It could require to restate the thesis provided through the author in their own words. Make sure that it should be on-point and precise.It also needs to write only around two sentences for every section. It could be a summary of every section but not in many words.Now one requires to re-read the article and check either it is in sync with the summary.One should review write-up and make sure either you have covered the key points or not.Always use a rational or logical format or structure.Check the text for clarity and correctness. Do a grammar check before submitting it to the lecturer. Qualities of Precis Clarity It means a reader must recognize what the author tried to convey. Achieve it by using a simple structure and language. Correctness It means the student should watch grammar, spelling, and punctuation they use, and also the significant figures, facts, and dates they address. Objectivity It means open construal of the data. Do not give a personal opinion in a précis. Coherence It means the logical interconnection of the significant ideas from the actual context. The audience should not lose their common interest while reading a precis. Conciseness It means avoiding excessive details in the précis. Do not omit vital facts but avoid tedious repetitions, expressions, and wateriness. Points must be included in Precis Start the Precis with the universal fact or idea so that the reader may quickly recognize the principle of the Precis.When writing a precis, make a suitable atmosphere where all the key points may be equally discussed and described.Avoiding all the irrelevant sentence or data is as essential as writing the appropriate points.Identify the redundant data and facts and keep the significant idea of the work in the Precis. Points must be avoided in Precis Precis writing is an organized way of writing a purer form of the given paragraph.Students cannot insert their criticism and remarks in a precis.For writing a precis, avoid using abbreviations and contractions.Write the full form of the given words only.Students should carefully read and recognize the Precis well, do not form their facts and opinions. Conclusion The above information discusses how to write a good precis. This information is very beneficial for the readers to know about the features, uses, steps, and superior qualities of useful Precis. Several significant difficulties arise due to writing a precis in a well-organized way. If you worry about writing the précis, it is an excellent opportunity to contact our experts. Our managers and editors are there 24/7 for higher convenience. Make a request and contact the support team, and we will support you with the best précis any time of the whole day, meeting all of the basic needs. Get the best writing help from the experts at Calltutors, we are offering world-class writing services to the students at nominal charges. Submit your requirements now!

Reflection About Contemporary Literature - 820 Words

There are many concepts and new information that I learned from this course. The aspect that I enjoyed the most about contemporary literature was the advantage of reading short stories over novels. Short stories are more interesting to me because they tell so much in just a few pages. The genre of contemporary literature was also captivating because of the realness and depth of the characters. The themes of the stories also covered a great variety of subjects and themes and I found that most of the stories were quite tragic. Contemporary literature ventured into different themes such as love, sex, family, and gender roles. It was more open to the struggles or experiences that real-life people might have. The settings of the stories also†¦show more content†¦She does try to be brave and chase after the robber that took her purse. She was cautious enough to not keep any valuables in her purse, keep the money in her pocket and hide her passport in her address book. After familiarizing myself with this genre of literature I learned many things. The first was actually learning what time period contemporary literature encompassed and the difference between modern and contemporary literature. I also learned how the characters play an important part. Contemporary literature focuses more on the characters than on the plot. The characters have to be well-defined, realistic, and well-developed. The themes of the stories also change according to the time. I know that now I can identify a contemporary piece of literature and explain its components. Finally, briefly describe (100 – 200 words) a story you found particularly interesting or compelling. You can use any of the stories in your text or any of the other forms of media used in class (recall that we listened to The Scarlet Ibis and watched 12 Angry Men, and read the articles in the New York Times for example). â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver is one of the stories that I found very engaging. I particularly liked this story because in a few pages it shows how the main character grows and changes. At the beginning, the narrator was prejudiced against blind people. By the end, the narrator experiences aShow MoreRelatedCritical Evaluation Of Writing A Literature Review1642 Words   |  7 Pageswork and determination, as a result student finds it very difficult to attain the required level needed for a good researcher. This critical reflection is based on my research skills. The action which was embark on to measure the development of my research skills was handling of data gathered for my different course works and analysing them for critical literature review writing. Analysis of skills developed: Research in a simplistic form refers to a quest for information. It can also be defined as aRead MoreA Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful: Edmund Burke1299 Words   |  6 PagesTo talk about the Enlightenment taking current times into consideration, and more specifically to talk about an enlightened aesthetic, may seem unusual as the concept â€Å"enlightened† is usually identify with political regimes and scientific systems. But the truth is a return to the meaning of the concept of enlightenment and its aesthetic has never been so necessary for understanding the world that surrounds us as now. At a time in which cultural marketing and culture industries and their productsRead MoreThe Reflection As A Tool For Learning From Experience776 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Dewey considered as the pioneer scholar who proposed the reflection as a tool for learning from experience. According to Dewey (1933), reflection is associated with a thi nking about the experience or event which contains five steps in order to make sense of it and internalise meanings. These steps are; problem, suggestions, reasoning, hypothesis and testing. In the first step of ‘problem’, he proposes that we need to see big picture of the event which includes the actions, conditions and contextualRead MoreThe Role Of Visual Arts For Stage Interventions Into The Representation Of The Female Self722 Words   |  3 Pagesconceptually - the function of the mirror in visual art, with particular reference to the portrayal of women.†¨By drawing from the field of art and literature featuring the mirror and reflection, I will be looking at how the work of contemporary women artists and photographers challenged traditional attitudes and practices. This dissertation will be about women who use visual arts to stage interventions into the representation of the ‘female self’.†¨The female body and mirror have repeatedly featur edRead MoreHow The Greek Myths Have On Us Today? How Do You Write A Myth?1206 Words   |  5 Pagesdo the Greek myths have on us today? How do you write a myth? Content Questions Who were the ancient Greek heros and what were their stories? What are the qualities of a Greek hero? Who are modern heros? The students will be completed self-reflections journals at the end of each week. This will be used to assess the students understanding of the concepts being taught. In project based learning, it is important students know where their shortcomings might be and where they need to explore furtherRead MoreMyths And Myths Of Myths932 Words   |  4 PagesMyths are generally known to be the reflection of ancient people s thoughts and vision about the world which surrounded them. Due to this assumption, the word myth appeared to have a number of connotations, which denote a contemporary man and his thoughts and vision, i.e. the way he perceives this word and reality. The scholars whose expertise fall within the field of myths and their investigation claim that myth as a genre of literature reflect the human history from the point of view of theRead MoreShort Speech On Macbeth1048 Words   |  5 Pagesfit well into modern literature, as it mirrors the natures of humanity. Due to this, students are exposed to a myriad of literature techniques that allows them to encapsulate the quintessence of human behaviour and gain an insight to the totalities of life. It also gives them an opportunity to develop a profound knowledge in conventional situations from a unique perspective, therefore, I believe that Shakespeare’s work should remain a compulsory component within contemporary learning. Today, I willRead MoreEssay on Carson McCullers1148 Words   |  5 Pagescharacters as strange, and under the force of her creative shaping, as real as she presents (Feld 2373). She is ``able to persuade us that contemporary reality and legendary story are one (Graver 209). The worlds she created are imaginary but in their ``depth and variety can look like the reality (Allen 208).      A lot of critics speak about the poetic aspect of her work and think that ``With her, the Southern tradition of the Gothic novel is refined into a poetic sensibility whichRead MoreLiterature Review930 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans there is not much choice when it comes to picking case studies. Also, as the research area is a fairly recent phenomenon, there are significant gaps in knowledge and so available, academic literature is farce (Qazi, 2011). This reflection may present a problem with the discussions in this literature as the cases are not as detailed as one would hope (which directly highlights a need for an expansion of the research in this area). Published data is relatively small and that there is a limitedRead MoreThe Influence of Regency England in Pride and Prejudice1604 Words   |  7 Pagesand chronicled in literature. A man’s place in society determined his reputation. Several centuries later, the eighteenth-century magistrate and writer Henry Fielding n oted in his novel, Joseph Andrews, that the class-conscious population continued to feel that even â€Å"the least familiarity [with those below in social rank was] a degradation† (137). One of Regency England’s most beloved writers, Jane Austen, continued the tradition of casting literature as a reflection of contemporary society’s biases

Love Triangle in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay

Love Triangle in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night â€Å"O, what a deal of scorn looks beautiful in the contempt and anger of his lip! A murd’rous guilt shows not itself more soon than love that would seem hid: love’s night is noon. – Cesario, by the roses of the spring, by maidhood, honor, truth, and every thing, I love thee so, that maugre all thy pride, nor wit nor reason can my passion hide. Do not extort thy reasons from this clause, for that I woo, thou therefore hast no cause; but rather reason thus with reason fetter: love sought is good, but given unsought is better.† (Shakespeare. Twelfth Night. 3.2.144-156). In Twelfth Night, Shakespeare was able to embody the perfect love triangle between Olivia, Orsino, and†¦show more content†¦It is here that I imagine Shakespeare was trying to fore-shadow future events. The audience may being to predict that Olivia would make rash decisions based on her blind love. In the next line, however, Olivia showed signs of her emotional dilemma. Guilt began to plague her thoughts for a fleeting moment. The reason for this shame was not entirely explained, but I believe it had everything to do with the death of her brother which was mentioned at the very beginning of the play. She was ashamed of falling into this lustful state of mind while she was supposed to still be in mourning. She noticed immediately after she hinted at her feelings for Cesario, the guilt surfaced. Olivia finished her thoughts of guilt with the line, â€Å"love’s night is noon† (3.2.148). There are various ways this could have been perceived. Shakespeare has a tendency to include immeasurable amounts of â€Å"images and metaphors†, and it’s important to keep in mind that with Shakespeare â€Å"greater sensitivity is always possible† (McDonald 37). I believe this was Olivia’s way of giving into the fact that her mourning gown was being cast off and it was out of her control, just as the day changes whether it is welcomed or not. Her love for Cesario was going to shine. I think this reiterates the fact that Olivia was blinded by this passion, and it continued to push this thought into the audience’s headsShow MoreRelatedThe Impervious Perception of William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night1631 Words   |  7 PagesIn the kingdom of Illyria (fantasy world), Twelfth Night was supposedly originally written for the entertainment of Queen Elizabeth I. William Shakespeare’s comedy associates with the Feast of Epiphany (January 6th) and was means for entertainment in the seventeenth century. It contains some aspects that can be thought of as a successful comedy when compared to the standards of today’s society. The play incorporates some of the very same devices that are used in modern comedies today, such as topsy-turvyRead MoreThe Brilliant Comedy of Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pageshas room for twos: sperm and egg; man and wife; big spoon and little spoon. Groups of three in the world of love create tension for the characters and audience, and the discomfort with the situation and sense of powerlessness leads to comedy. Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night has central love triangle between Cesario/Viola, Orsino, and Olivia; the excesses and complications within the triangle causes disorder for the characters and audience, and increases hilarity. Shakespeare further confounds the plotRead MoreEssay about Deception in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night775 Words   |  4 PagesDeception in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night In William Shakespeares comedic play, Twelfth Night, a recurring theme is deception. The characters in the play used deception for a variety of purposes. Violas use of deception involves her disguising herself as a man in order to obtain a job with the Duke of Illyria, Orsino. On the other hand, Maria, Olivias servant, writes a letter to Malvolio in Olivias handwriting to make Malvolio act foolishly because of his love for Olivia. WhileRead MoreTwelfth Night, As You Like It by William Shakespeare1153 Words   |  5 Pagesdetails of Shakespeare’s person life were left a mystery for which we as readers must wonder if his plays and sonnets give clue. When going to a Shakespearean play one will find the experience in its self, is one of love, loss, and tragedy. People would come from all around to feel the way Shakespeare wanted the audience to feel. He wanted to express his life and his way of thinking through his art which was dramatic writing. Shakespeare expresses his lov e through his plays such as Twelfth Night, As YouRead MorePlot And Action In Twelfth Night By Shakespeare1527 Words   |  7 Pagesplay Twelfth Night, there are a couple of key aspects within the dramaturgy of that play that, to this day, still confuse me. William Shakespeare. And what may those be? Molià ¨re. For starters, in Twelfth Night, there seems to be no unity of time, place, or action. William Shakespeare. Go on. What’s your point? Molià ¨re. My point is that the characters are so unpredictable. They all have their own agendas, each on their own journey of self-discovery. And this episodic structure of Twelfth NightRead MoreThe Twelfth Night - Development of Themes889 Words   |  4 Pagesyou have studied.’ Many say William Shakespeare is the most influential writer in all of English literature with works hailed by Elizabeth I, James I and literary luminaries such as Ben Jonson. Shakespeare wrote the critically acclaimed Twelfth Night in 1601 during the middle of his career. This play incorporates illusion, deception, disguises, madness and shows the extraordinary things that love with cause us to do. Shakespeare cleverly develops the theme of ‘love as a cause of suffering’ throughRead MoreTwelfth Night Analysis779 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night is a well-known Christmas play, it is considered as one of the most successful comedies. The play starts when Viola and her twin brother, Sebastian, survive a shipwreck. When they cannot find each other, each thinks the other may be dead. Then they move on to two separate ways, establishing two story lines that finally meet with each other after involving funny mistaken identities. The love bug in the comedy bites not only Olivia and Orsino, but also SebastianRead MoreModern Adaptation And Interpretation Of The Twelfth Night974 Words   |  4 PagesNour Hesham Zakaria Mrs. Carson ENG1DB-08 10 December 2014 Are modernized adaptations accurate? She’s the Man is a modern adaptation and interpretation of The Twelfth Night but the movie varies greatly from the original play. The frivolous tone of this adaptation fails to epitomize the historical setting, depth of characters, and poetic magnificence of this comedic play. In She’s The Man the plot revolves around Viola, and her struggle to be recognized as a professional soccer player. When theRead MoreMisinterpretations Of Love In Twelfth Night By William Shakespeare1021 Words   |  5 Pages Twelfth Night Behind the Mask Love can not hide behind a mask forever in the end truth will prevail. In the play Twelfth Night written by William Shakespeare there are many circumstances where there are misinterpretations of love in various romantic relationships. There are many instances where characters where used disguises were used to create plot development. In Shakespeare play trickery was used to create plot development. Mistaken identity was used to create a complicated love triangle. ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night can easily be interpreted as a romance play. Given that the majority of the characters in the play in some way or another fall in love, but there are many twists that come with these romantic relationships. Some of the characters fall in love with the same character, others fall in love with a character that loves another, who actually loves another causing a chaotic love triangle. Within every romance a character is tragically hurt, turning the romance play into

Ethics in Contemporary Society Free Essays

Presently, Americans are comfortable relating ethics to individuality. Often times, American citizens expresses their right of freedoms to enhance their own sense of ethics or relativity. In defining relativism, moral principles are a matter of personal feelings and individual preference. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics in Contemporary Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now As for individual moral relativism, figuring out what is moral and immoral in specific circumstances differs according to the person. On another note, moral relativists have a disbelief in universal truths or common law. This essay will examine and highlight major details about problems surrounding individual moral relativism and cultural moral relativism. It will reflect post-modern and modern methods of belief in order to exhibit its valuableness in ethical decision-making in overcoming problems (Owen, 2011). In particular, it argues that abstract theories of either individual or subjective moral relativism are fruitless for understanding humans. What’s more, it tends to limit humans to egocentric people or hamper the development of distinctiveness through division and relativism. It is disputed that innovativeness excludes other styles of understanding. It utters reverence and celebrates the variance; it has rendered the pursuit for any kind of meaning inaudible (Reno, 2012). To bypass these restrictions and to extend the resistance of ethical relativism this article draws substantially from the research of Lawrence Kohlberg. He is a well-known psychologist that is recognized for the moral stages of development. Moreover, his research theory moves closer by claiming cultural relativists are individuals trapped in the conventional stage of ethical development (Garz, 2010). This ethical development model greets and enriches narrative understanding. As this essay continues to explore the world of  ethical/moral relativism, it will summarize topics like cultural moral relativism, individual and subjective relativism. In addition, it will review Kohlberg’s moral stages of development and why he believes that many cultural relativists are trapped in a particular stage. As a final touch, this essay will discuss personal beliefs and experiences in relation to each topic, and why I agree or disagree with these reasoning. What is more moral relativism? Previously moral relativism was defined as being right or wrong, and the second deals with the difference between an objective and a subjective truth. Thinking that ethical truth is biased, moral relativists often react to moral conclusions about homosexual behavior (Klikauer, 2011). To these individuals, the term homosexual is rubbish because everyone’s morality is equivalent. In short, nobody has a right to a morality that is incumbent on others. Being objective (individual) honest is recognized as the best choice; however, it is not the easiest decision (Owen, 2011). For example, parents or educators do not chastise students merely for getting their answer wrong in Math problems. For many students, their mistakes would be coherent, not moral. Another example would be a husband beats his wife is simply indecent; therefore, he’ is considered as being immoral. Based on Quintelier Fessler (2012) findings, cultural relativism is considered as an interpretation that all views, customs, and ethics are comparative to the individual within his or her own societal environment. Therefore, individuals put their cultural beliefs at the front of comparative ethical decision-making. Basically, right and wrong are culture-specific; however, what is right in one culture may be considered as corrupt in another culture (Owen, 2011). Being there is no universal code of morality, individuals does not have the right to judge another societal traditions. At the conventional stage of ethical development, each person respects the beliefs of his or her group, family, or nation, as important, despite of the abrupt and apparent concerns (Klikauer, 2011). This stance is not just conformity to subjective expectations and social order, but also one of loyalty. According to Kohlberg, cultural relativist is often stuck in this stage due to their beliefs and cultural upbringing. Furthermore, I support this stance for different reasons. For example, I was raised to believe in Christianity is the right path to follow because my parents instill that religion into me as a child. In conclusion, many philosophers have both defended and opposed moral relativism. Recent research argues that normative moral theories should be controlled and explore by psychologists to grasp a more in-depth understanding (Quintelier Fessler, 2012). Researchers questioned the thought that individuals are or can be moral relativists. If so, can being a moral relativist affect can an individual’s moral functioning. This research is underutilized in theorists’ normative philosophies of relativism; all together, the pragmatic work is abstractly incoherent (Quintelier Fessler, 2012). The main objective of this assignment is to assimilate ethical and practical work on limitations about normative relativism. From my perspective, I support the individual and cultural relativity. As an African female, customs, traditions and religions played an essential role in my childhood as well as my growth. Biblical teachings were molded into my mind, heart, body and soul. My grandparents are the root to my development and ethical beliefs. How to cite Ethics in Contemporary Society, Papers

Employer Branding At Mcdonalds Redefining Mcjobs Business Essay Example For Students

Employer Branding At Mcdonalds Redefining Mcjobs Business Essay Outline1 Vision2 Issue Statement3 Method4 Data Analysis of Quick Serve Restaurants5 Presentation of Our Solutions6 Main jobs to get the better of to pull big figure of better quality recruits7 Outline scheme8 Aim of scheme9 Performance Management System10 Core Valuess of Quick Service Industry on McDonald s illustration11 Subject of scheme12 Strategy presentation13 Training and development14 Motivation15 Ad16 YouTube -Way of Enrolling17 FaceBook Recruitment Tool18 Measures to measure the success of the run and justification19 Decision Vision The QuickServe Restaurants Industry ( QSR ) is anticipating the demands of possible direction trainees to be the Generation Y who are fresh alumnuss and undergraduates. Recruit this group section for farther direction preparation can be prepared for future planetary enlargement. Issue Statement Rebranding Mc Job as a calling involves company s grasp, acknowledgment and future publicity that break the ice of the old perceptual experience of Mc Job to make trade name new work environment in the QSR industry. Method To decide the issue, this appraisal will supply with solutions to get the better of the chief jobs in order to pull a big figure of better quality recruit. As good, schemes will be included to impact the human resource direction to enroll good quality alumnuss and concluding twelvemonth undergraduates. Last, measuring will be used to find whether the run is successful. Data Analysis of Quick Serve Restaurants QuickServe Restaurants ( QSR ) is an international company that has over 1,000 speedy service eating houses / mercantile establishments in United Kingdom. Its drudging capacity is about 50,000 people, including both portion clip and full timers. QSR is spread outing quickly due to its high quality of production and successful promotion support. It is be aftering to open around 100 new eating houses a twelvemonth that will make 5,000 occupations chance for people in the UK. The rapid enlargement plan forces QSR to enroll a big sum of direction trainee who is ready to come in the work force in a short period. As a consequence, their mark audience are fresh alumnuss and concluding twelvemonth undergraduates who will be urgently looking for their first occupation chance. Taking inaugural and other related activities to rebrand the Mc Job affect a long period of clip. However, it should get down now as we are trusting for a better hereafter within the QSR industry. The direction preparation system was a catastrophe due to several factors, extended developed preparation offered to direction trainee, former direction trainers have left the company for better companies who valued the competences that they developed, every bit good as high proportion of hapless quality enlistings have caused hapless on the job environment. Second, the company does non hold a extended preparation criterion for direction trainers as to what guidelines and lessons one has to present to the trainees. Therefore, storytelling was the most convenient and persuasive method to learn other lessons, which leads to bad influences and wonts on the occupation public presentation. Last but non rent, the Mc Job repute has formed a hapless perceptual experience for people, particularly the mark audience assumed Mc Job as a occupation that consists of hapless working environment where employees are treated unjust and limited demands needed for the occupation. As a consequence, low qualities of employees were recruited because deficiency of earnestness and elaborate occupation analysis was given. In order to rebrand Mc Job a wholly new construct must be implement that a calling at QSR is neer like earlier. Presentation of Our Solutions Main jobs to get the better of to pull big figure of better quality recruits First, enlisting is to happen a right individual for the right topographic point. If we recruited the incorrect individual, it will blow concern clip, money, every bit good as destroy squad spirit. This is why HRM and appropriate designed enlisting run are so of import. In order to be able to pull the better quality recruits we need to get the better of with a precise program, which can assist us to confront troubles. Nowadays demands are altering fast and non merely money can happen and maintain the great endowment in the company. Employees can go forth their place for illustration for: greater occupation grasp, better working relationship with direction, better geographic location to their household, better work environment, more flex-time, etc We need to believe what our possible employees basic demands are and how to pull them. ( Hornberg, 2002 ) Right enlisting it is a hard procedure, we need to pass long clip for be aftering our attack and scheme in order to accomplish better enlisting determinations. Before even get downing the enlisting procedure we need to cognize if all our vacancy demand to be filled or possibly other people in the squad can manage some new duties, etc.. As good, we need to plan precisely what we are looking for in our employees for each degree to avoid jobs with mis-sold a occupation. This is because people frequently complaint about inappropriate and non elaborate description every bit good we want to happen lone individuals who truly involvement us with the accomplishments and experience we are seeking, and we would be delighted to make non lose our clip on inappropriate appliers. ( Morrisey, 2006 ) Recruitment demand to be on-brand . Most administration use the same interviews procedure for engaging staff, even their trade names may necessitate really different interpersonal qualities. During th e enlisting procedure, we should assist our campaigners to show their ability to convey their personalities to work. Example of Pret a Manger, UK sandwich concatenation which takes different attack in enrolling. Prospective employees are asked to work in a shop for a twenty-four hours at the terminal of which the shop s employees are asked to vote on whether they should be hired or non. This unusual enlisting method was created because company believes that one of the biggest duties of direction is to look after the corporate Deoxyribonucleic acid For a trade name to intend something different to clients it must act otherwise internally and that includes its procedures. ( Clifton A ; Simmons, 2003 ) The enlisting procedure is being tailored to place the types of people who will hold a natural affinity with the administration s trade name values. The three major benefits of employer branding that can significantly lend to overall concern public presentation are: enhanced enlisting , keeping and employee engagement/commitment. Internal and external dockets can be brought into closer alliance to clear up and decide many of struggles. ( Barrow A ; Mosley, 2005 ) Furthermore taking right enlisting method, to pull the appropriate figure of suited campaigners at a sensible cost is every bit good of import. Company need to cognize how to concentrate more on pulling quality instead than measure campaigners. Advertising demand to derive attending ( headers, message, illustrations ) , inform about the place ( develop applicant involvement and to enable the application determination ) and take right action ( how and when to use and what information to provide ) ( Pilbeam A ; Corbidge, 2002 ) In speedy service eating house sector we besides need to redefine significance of McJob in our run. Potential Candidates need to be ensured that the place they are using is deserving and ambitious. We want our employees to be recruited at a junior-level and being promoted, trained and developed no affair for what degree. In all recruitment stairss, our HR squad should promote and supply aid. HR should work with the senior leading squad to specify employer stigmatization and affect line directors in the rollout of your employer trade name. Organization should obtain feedback on how the employer trade name might be achieved and implemented. Company should maintain the promises to both bing and possible employees. This will guarantee that employer stigmatization and its links to entire wages do non go an empty selling run. HR can utilize the house s internal selling and imperativeness section for thoughts on how to sell the trade name and engage persons. ( CIPD, 2010 ) After fixing internal overview of what personality and specification we are truly looking for to engage, it is clip to advance the QSR. In such a competitory field on the market in cordial reception sector it is non plenty to rest on the repute of our company to pull the larger figure of better quality recruits. For our enlisting advertizement run, we need to fix short overview of the company, section and merchandise or service by which we want to pull them. It would be nice to see including a contact name and telephone figure or email reference for people desiring farther information. Problem can originate when more junior places are being offered, the increasing sum of appliers will happen. For the period of our enlisting run, we should hold interviewers covering merely with interviewing and replying the inquiry. We need to retrieve that get offing it is easy manner but talking to possible campaigners can give us a opportunity to acquire a feel for the quality of appliers. In order to turn our enlisting procedure into the company branding we should ever take attention about our repute on the first topographic point ; like McDonald does with researching and heightening its trade name by enlisting run. ( Qumer, 2009 ) Whole enlisting procedure is a portion of company stigmatization started from planing the scheme, purposes and vacancies to make full in, taking right timing and media to present and completing with accepting and rejection the campaigners. Sloppy enlisting admin will reflect severely on our repute. Even rejected campaigners should be told rapidly when they have non been short listed or unsuccessful at interview every bit good if there is a hold with determination doing procedure and if we have person who was so near the top and to be hired, we should promote him or her. Give them feedback and state them that person merely crush them on some point. We would welcome them maintaining in touch and promote them for a future application. ( Morrisey, 2006 ) The great trade name scheme is assisting HR squad with go arounding around keeping, trueness and battle. The messages and images during the right enlisting run can pass on on the market the civilization and values of the company and beef up them, heighten its image. Accurate employer branding becomes an issue in a tight endowment market where prospective employees are cognizant of the scope of options open to them. ( Mason-Jones, 2005 ) It would be every bit good a good thought to set up an internal referral plan that pay employees for referrals that result in a hire that can back up HR patterns and every bit good committedness to the company. Committedness to the company can be every bit good supported by another option implemented in the scheme as Stock Plans . It is good known that the most loyal employee is the 1 with ownership in the house. Equally good if we will give our employees a calling program and they will hold clearly defined ends, every bit good as defined programs and agendas to accomplish those ends. They will be more willing to develop cause they will understand where they are traveling, and why it makes sense to accomplish those ends. ( Hornberg, 2002 ) Outline scheme First of wholly, to put a scheme for Quick Service Restaurants ( QSR ) , it is of import to put aims, because scheme is nil else but agencies, by which company meets, or seek the ways hot to run into the aims ( Williams, 2002 ) The scheme we suggest includes following points: Provide bing preparation and development plans in speedy service industry and come up with new extra preparation chances that would pull more new employees of immature age ; Motivation and fillip system will be oriented to graduate/undergraduate mark market, account their values and outlooks of motive system ; Recruiting is one of the most of import procedures when engaging new staff, particularly in speedy service industry. Ad will be oriented for the graduate/undergraduate market. Furthermore, all stairss of run will be presented. It will be explained, how scheme can be applied to pull younger specializer and actuate them to maintain working and progress in the speedy service industry. Aim of scheme The chief purpose of scheme is to pull more immature specializer or concluding twelvemonth undergraduates, actuate them to remain in the Quick Service Industry and inscribe new ways of enrolling new forces. As well it is of import to maintain the Quick Service Industry companies employers of pick. To make a good scheme and attract people into the company is what companies are interested in. It is really of import to make up ones mind, what sort of people company wants to pull as it influences what run and scheme should be created. Harmonizing to our stated purposes, our chief aims are: where and how to happen new employees, ways of pulling them into the speedy service industry and maintain them and ways of enrolling forces. Strategic program as itself includes some actions that should be taken for a succeeded scheme. These actions are: strategic vision, aims and scheme. Developed strategic vision and mission of the company, set aims and craft a scheme are the basic actions that should be taken by the fast nutrient service industry. To accomplish effectual concern consequences company should province where the company is headed, put a targeted scheme ( in our instance it is good quality alumnuss and last twelvemonth undergraduates ) , analyze fiscal results, set competitory mov es and internal actions ( Arthur A. Thomson Jr. , A.J. Strickland III, John E. Gamble, 2008 ) Depression And Mental Illness (Crime) EssayGeneration Y , that industry is traveling to pull is no longer interested in diaries and magazines as senior coevalss. At the minute alternate beginnings of advertisement, including societal webs are used. Our run includes advertisement via societal webs like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and others. Using publicizing methods in diaries and articles company should analyse, what headlines, pictures pull more attending ( Caples, 1997 ) . As advertisement in this method wo nt be used during all advertisement run, we would wish to concentrate on alternate ways of advertisement. As one of advertisement ways our run includes and occupation carnivals, presentations and company debut of its run and future vacancies, chances company suggest and preparation and development plan in schools, universities and colleges. This is really of import, as these constitutions has future employees of the speedy service industry. It is really of import to indicate and underscore all the advantages of working in speedy service industry. A batch of attending should be paid on future chances and motive plan. Besides brochures should be delivered in the terminal of presentation for pupils remember the chief thoughts, nucleus values and civilization of future employer. During the presentation video stuff should be used every bit good as successful calling examples as this attracts more attending than simple description of suggested work. Alternative ways of advertisement every bit good as enrolling methods for speedy service eating houses, like societal web in scheme should be used. This is of import to retrieve, as future employees speedy service industry is traveling to pull is coevals Y that more involved in engineerings, so old, older coevalss. At the minute, societal web dramas of import function in advertisement, presentation of company and in enrolling new employees. In our run, we are traveling to utilize the most popular societal web includes Facebook and YouTube, where presentation picture and advertizements can be viewed freely on the cyber web. YouTube -Way of Enrolling As it was mentioned before, speedy service is interested in pulling coevals Y , that s why alternate ways of enrolling procedure and advertisement will be used. Company should make welcome picture and do it public. This should be understood and presented as a PR exercising that will assist to pull new talented employees. It is besides of import that our scheme is including non merely presentation of company, but every bit good as presentation of occupation chances, debut into company s civilization and description of company s value, that should be oriented on employee s satisfaction. Video that company will show in YouTube should be done professionally, but it should nt be excessively commercial , is in that manner it can be rejected to be posted in YouTube. When making picture for YouTube it is of import to do it professional. That s why companies like Nike, Smirnoff and Intuit make large investings in making picture for YouTube. Video should be produced and look professionally, but non like it would be amateur s made. If YouTube will be succeeded in pulling a new employees, pictures of speedy service company will be available and in other societal webs. Here s the list of other societal webs were pictures will be published: Dailymotion ( www.dailymotion.com ) ; Flixya ( www.flixya.com ) ; GUBA ( www.guba.com ) ; Ourmedia ( www.ourmedia.org ) ; Yokel! ( www.yahoo.com ) ; YouAreTv ( www.youare.tv ) ; ZippyVideos ( www.zippyvideos.com ) . Except these societal webs, picture besides will be available of company s official web site ( Miller, 2009 ) FaceBook Recruitment Tool Against, it is of import to underscore the chief advantages of company, speedy service industry, when doing advertisement. Except YouTube, our scheme includes advertisement in Facebook. In Facebook, advertisement of 3 types can be made: traditional text advertisement, a show advertisement, that includes image and text and alone Facebook battle ads, that can be ordered through Facebook advertisement gross revenues representatives. Our run includes the last suggested manner of advertisement in Facebook as it will be looking more professional, what is of import when showing company s occupation vacancies and looking new employees to remain in company ( Paul Dunay, 2010 ) Measures to measure the success of the run and justification The purpose for this run is taking to enroll potentially high quality undergraduates and fresh alumnuss to go restaurant trainee direction. Trainee directors are responsible to supply direction trainees positive and consistent demands with options for occupation promotion and earnestness as a calling in speedy service industry. To find a run success, the run aimed to place its publicity messages to its targeted audience such as vision and mission along with company s civilization upon run bringing. Job appliers might be keeping different positions of the run, but at the terminal of the twenty-four hours, all of them are looking for a occupation that could fulfill their current demands. At the same clip, everyone should happen themselves suited in the company s civilization when working for the same company / industry. By making so, company should bespeak whether an applier is the 1s that they are looking for and will execute as expected. Otherwise, confusion and negative feedbacks fr om the wrongly hired employees will impact the overall ambiance in the workplace. QSR industry is occupation simpleness and hands-on accomplishment oriented which leads to ease entrants for employee. Ease of entrant to the industry generates menaces for organisation to hold higher labor turnover. Some of the grounds for high employee turnover are that speedy service industry is a fast gait, busy nutrient service environment, and limited scope of standard activities and can be interchangeable that everyone can make each other s occupation. These sort of working demands and environment frequently triggers employees walking off from the occupation. Particularly when it is common to work long hours, flexible agenda with displacements, multi-tasks and remain claim in a feverish environment. However, it is critical that proper comparings are made and to acknowledge that non all labour turnover is the effect of hapless employment patterns J. , M, A ; Goss-Turner, S. ( 2005 ) .A Sometimes, turnover rate additions is non due to hapless working environment, but it is bec ause some corporations can non offer more capacity for its current employees to progress. Therefore, employees were merely able to reassign to another corporations where provide the chance. Through this run, the HR section is concentrating on enrolling the right people who can bespeak to fall in the speedy service industry because he/she enjoys working with people, non he/she likes people. Aside from proving appliers through communicating, reading facial looks can supply the decisive minute from the 1s with a natural smiling is honorable people who we want to enroll as direction trainee. As fresh alumnuss and concluding twelvemonth undergraduates who are trusting and desiring for a better working environment, the initial job towards the QSR is that, the occupation has been classified as Mc Job that about everything about it is bad. The term Mc Job has been described wrongly in Oxford English Dictionary ( O.E.D ) that created negative repute in the public oculus. In order to alter the planetary misconception of the term Mc Job , a successful run to rebrand Mc Job for the speedy service industry is critical for more than 100,000 employees who work in the speedy se rvice industry Qumer, S.M. ( 2009 ) . As a consequence, to extinguish high employee turnover due to ill-defined occupation responsibilities, occupation analysis is designed to utilize as critical processs for every corporation to find the undertakings, responsibilities and duties for each occupation. It besides consists of human properties on personal specifications such as cognition, accomplishments and abilities to manage the occupation place. Job analysis allows company to garner information that human resource section will necessitate and data to roll up during the occupation analysis procedure. It besides benefits a assortment of personnel activities such as: occupation design, occupation categorization, employee choice, employee preparation and development, and employee public presentation assessment Denning, D.L, Abrams, N.E, A ; Bays, M. ( 1995 ) . Harmonizing to survey, service industry is a labour intensive occupation that about anybody can execute, but the lone affair is the quality degree of bringing. A individual working in the service industry can execute without highest instruction degree, but one must be receive proper preparation from an organisation in order to suit into its specific on the job civilization Ng, T. , A ; Feldman, D. ( 2009 ) . Employee turnover is every bit fast as the fast nutrient being consumes, and due to easy entrant, bulk of them can be hired and rather easy. As a consequence, employees might believe the corporation does non handle them with regard, and the person is unimportant to the production. In return, the employees merely perform the minimum to reflect the manner they are being treated and ready to walk out of the occupation because they feel insecure for the occupation. Employee acknowledgment is indispensable to many of the staffs by general director involves in the interview procedure of all employees can appeal the importance of the person to the company. To get the better of the issues mentioned above, occupation rating and evaluating public presentation are every bit critical as occupation analysis after an employee is hired. Furthermore, following up every individual employee to find if he/ she is suiting into corporate civilization is a important factor to take into consideration. In order to measure how engaged are the employees, follow undertakings are recommended to execute: public presentation reappraisals, appraisals, ratings, evaluations and assessments are all footings that refer to the undertaking of measuring the advancement of human resources. For direction trainee place, HRM is specifically seeking for good quality alumnuss who take leading earnestly, responsible, dedicated to his/ her occupation, working flexible hours, and willing to larn and progress in the hereafter within the company. These minimum potency accomplishments are non limited to qualities needed for its effectual public presentation. Although hotel industry is different from service industry in many ways, degree of quality and service are the key to be successful. For illustration, in Ritz Carlton hotel concatenation, quality direction squad normally met every hebdomad to reexamine merchandise and service quality and guest satisfaction. Company besides assigned choice leader to be responsible of public presentation reappraisals and to guarantee higher quality criterions are met and betterment attempts Regani, Shirisha. ( 2007 ) . However, quality leader are besides responsible for ratings, evaluations, and assessments. Geting choice leader within the work location is comparatively easy and just. This is because choice leader normally is in the best place to detect and measure the public presentation of employees. Harmonizing to theory, employees will be motivated to bring forth merely if he /she expect that productiveness will take to a end they value. Increasing productiveness will take in bend to wagess that provide satisfaction of of import employee demands. Therefore, high attempt i? high productiveness i? high wagess i? high satisfaction Wilson, T. ( 1998 ) . In the state of affairs of speedy service industry, employee compensation is offered in two state of affairss. For corporation such as fast nutrient ironss, direct compensation is best suited for the industry to pay and/ or wages employees for their recognized occupation and values to the company. There are three basic strategic attacks toward employee compensation: Paying the individual for his or her accomplishments and competences Honoring excellence through wage for public presentation Individualizing wage systems by supplying flexibleness and pick to an progressively diverse work force Dessler, G, D. Cole, N, M. Goodman, P, A ; L. ( Gini ) Sutherland, V. ( 2003 ) .A A direct fiance payment is the most efficient and hazel-free scheme for large corporation with big sum of parttime employees. It does non merely profit corporation itself, but besides employees themselves while direct compensation can restrict the hereafter liabilities in the hereafter. Nonetheless, all the speedy service eating houses must be monitored day-to-day and record any public presentation prosodies for accounting intents. Regardless of the inducements sum, the chief intent of compensation scheme is to turn consciousness that reflect grasp of employees accomplishments and their difficult work put into the company. Study has shown that deficiency of employee acknowledgment and congratulations is figure one ground employees leave an organisation Dessler, G, D. Cole, N, M. Goodman, P, A ; L. ( Gini ) Sutherland, V. ( 2003 ) .A For this ground, the run should emphasis on valuing employees as they will be the company s greatest assets. As a consequence, the speedy service indus try is altering and accommodating positive relationship among each other. At the same clip, employees must derive trust and passion for McJob in order to make a healthy working environment in a long-run period. Decision Scheme we suggested involves ways of pulling new graduate/undergraduate employees. I m Lovin McJob run is oriented on values and chances coevals Y is looking for. Suggested ways of recruiting, motive and preparation will actuate immature people to remain in speedy service industry every bit good as alteration McJob perceptual experience. With the new constructs stresses on regard and trueness to fresh alumnuss and concluding twelvemonth undergraduates, new perceptual experiences will get down to comprehend as we are presenting what we promised. Being accurately evaluate the money and clip a company spent to keep the run would find our success based on the quality and attempt we put into the run. With regard, we believe the enlisting qualities will increases that appliers believe in our promises.

The Apprenticeship Of Duddy Kravitz--Words Or Whip Essays

The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz--Words or Whip? The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz--Words or Whip? The whip that a lion-tamer uses is the single most important tool that will assists him in successfully taming the lions. To demonstrate his point clearly to the beasts, he must thrash the lions with his blood-sucking whip whenever they perform an incorrect act. This is the only way that he can communicate with these low-intelligence animals, because lions cannot even understand the most indecent word in the English language. But as for humans, most of us are able to understand the language that the people around us speak. Therefore whipping, caning, strapping, or any kind of corporal punishments are not necessary -- they are reserved for animals only. Not too long ago, teachers at school and parents at home use various forms of corporal punishment on their students and children -- there are also several techniques associated with each of them. But as our society becomes more civilized, these savage acts are now looked upon with disdain and contempt. What used to be considered as corporal punishment is now considered as physical abuse. It should be thought of that way long ago. Physical abuse as penalty surely works. It arouses resentments and bitterness, but it works. If a student does something wrong and gets a whipping for it, he or she will cease doing the same erroneous act again. Though it will not change the way he or she thinks, but it WILL work. The student will not understand why he or she should not behave in that particular manner, and will continue to think that he or she is right, but physical abuse can stop them from doing it again -- it definitely works. But in long-term, some people are inclined to rebel against the authority who impose corporal punishments on them. Once they can overpower the authority, they will challenge their masters. Others, like Duddy Kravitz, they get used to their punishments and cannot care less for them. Duddy gets strapped so often that he virtually asks Mr. MacPherson for it. "So when he led Duddy Kravitz into the Medical Room that afternoon, breaking with a practice of twenty years, the actual blows were feeble, and it was Duddy who emerged triumphant, racing outside to greet his classmates." Duddy also excitedly announced to his peers: "Hey, look! Look, jerkos! Ten on each. Mac strapped me. Mac, of all people." Obviously, Duddy is no longer intimidated by strapping. Strapping or any kind of corporal punishment is not an effective way to change human behaviour because it simply cannot change people's minds. Humans, unlike animals, should be taught with words. If a student has done something wrong, instead of giving him or her a good strapping, a nice little chat would be more appropriate. The teacher must make the student understand what he or she has done and why it should not have been done. The teacher must make the student feel that he or she is wrong. That way, the awful act is unlikely to recur. Mr. MacPherson shou ld be praised for his virtue of not strapping any boy. It is very good of him to understand the futility of corporal punishments. It is quite unfortunate that he gives up this virtue when finally can not stand the pressure of his wife's death and Duddy's agitation. The Apprenticeship Of Duddy Kravitz--Words Or Whip Essays The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz--Words or Whip? The whip that a lion-tamer uses is the single most important tool that will assists him in successfully taming the lions. To demonstrate his point clearly to the beasts, he must thrash the lions with his blood-sucking whip whenever they perform an incorrect act. This is the only way that he can communicate with these low-intelligence animals, because lions cannot even understand the most indecent word in the English language. But as for humans, most of us are able to understand the language that the people around us speak. Therefore whipping, caning, strapping, or any kind of corporal punishments are not necessary -- they are reserved for animals only. Not too long ago, teachers at school and parents at home use various forms of corporal punishment on their students and children -- there are also several techniques associated with each of them. But as our society becomes more civilized, these savage acts are now looked upon with disdain and contempt. What used to be considered as corporal punishment is now considered as physical abuse. It should be thought of that way long ago. Physical abuse as penalty surely works. It arouses resentments and bitterness, but it works. If a student does something wrong and gets a whipping for it, he or she will cease doing the same erroneous act again. Though it will not change the way he or she thinks, but it WILL work. The student will not understand why he or she should not behave in that particular manner, and will continue to think that he or she is right, but physical abuse can stop them from doing it again -- it definitely works. But in long-term, some people are inclined to rebel against the authority who impose corporal punishments on them. Once they can overpower the authority, they will challenge their masters. Others, like Duddy Kravitz, they get used to their punishments and cannot care less for them. Duddy gets strapped so often that he virtually asks Mr. MacPherson for it. "So when he led Duddy Kravitz into the Medical Room that afternoon, breaking with a practice of twenty years, the actual blows were feeble, and it was Duddy who emerged triumphant, racing outside to greet his classmates." Duddy also excitedly announced to his peers: "Hey, look! Look, jerkos! Ten on each. Mac strapped me. Mac, of all people." Obviously, Duddy is no longer intimidated by strapping. Strapping or any kind of corporal punishment is not an effective way to change human behaviour because it simply cannot change people's minds. Humans, unlike animals, should be taught with words. If a student has done something wrong, instead of giving him or her a good strapping, a nice little chat would be more appropriate. The teacher must make the student understand what he or she has done and why it should not have been done. The teacher must make the student feel that he or she is wrong. That way, the awful act is unlikely to recur. Mr. MacPherson should be praised for his virtue of not strapping any boy. It is very good of him to understand the futility of corporal punishments. It is quite unfortunate that he gives up this virtue when finally can not stand the pressure of his wife's death and Duddy's agitation.

How to Determine Which Marketing Tools Are Best For Your Team

How to Determine Which Marketing Tools Are Best For Your Team Picture this. Youre at your desk. Suddenly you realize theres got to be a better, faster way to accomplish your marketing goals, whether that be with a keyword, social media scheduling, project management, or email marketing tool. So you turn to the almighty Google And youre flooded by thousands of options, you cant seem to make sense of where to start. There are offers for trials everywhere, coupled with insane amounts of advice and you havent even figured out exactly what your team needs let alone looking at how much this tool is vs another *Insert panic screaming here* Breathe, you got this. And if you dont, well, this blog post will help get you through. Youll learn how to: Prioritize your teams needs. Learn the criteria you need to make the best decision when it comes to finding a marketing tool for your team. Learn how to pitch your winning tool to your boss. Learn how to pitch your winning tool to your team. Before You Start Your Research Dont just start Googling. Trust me. Diving right into the research phase of your marketing tool selection process can quickly become overwhelming. Just look at the first page of results when you type marketing tool into Google. Dont even get me started on the ads that will surface on your Google searches as well. Youve got advice coming at you left and right, and while that is great, it doesnt necessarily give you the jumping off point you need to start making decisions about a potential tool. There is a way to fix this. Before you start your research, sit down and prioritize what your team needs in order to be successful. Before you start researching marketing tools, sit down prioritize what your team needs to beIts really that simple. By knowing what your team needs to fix a broken process, or automate it so it goes faster, youre able to walk into your search knowing what youre looking for. So how do you create that list? Open a document or download Marketing Tool template. Once you've downloaded the template, click the second tab at the bottom: Here's what you'll see next: Begin to write down and prioritize what you think your team would need to be successful. And now you're staring at a blinking cursor wondering what to write. Here are some prompts that may help you begin your list: What does your team need to accomplish in order to be successful? What does your team want to accomplish that they think will make them successful? What's currently broken in your marketing process that you think a tool could help fix? What does your current process look like? What does your dream marketing process look like? How would you like to see your process flow in a new tool? Where are your team members divided into silos? What does this tool need to accomplish to break down those silos? From the answers you write down, you can identify what qualities you are looking for in a marketing tool. List Your Top 10 Must-Have Criteria These are features that absolutely must be a part of the tool that you select. They are you non-negotiables. Your top ten list could include things like. Drag and drop calendar features Social analytics tool Task lists Being able to assign tasks to team members Team reports Email integrations Project management features like being able to group by content type Being able to add in all of your social channels Landing page integrations WordPress or other blogging software integrations Automated task reminders Comment section on projects Being able to group multiple pieces of content under one campaign Minimum or maximum number of users Price per user/social channel I could keep going with this list but I don't want to bore you. Your list may look a bit different from the one above and that's okay. Every marketing team is different, which means the end goals you have may be different then the end goals the team at has. Now you have your must have criteria. You can start searching NOW right? Not quite. Sorry, I promise, we're almost there. List Your Top Ten "Would Be Nice To Have" Criteria Why? Because you're going to be researching a lot of tools. Those nice-to-haves could be the determining factor between one tool and another. Your initial list could look something like this. Automated optimum posting times Due dates that move automatically when you move a project Completion bar that shows the progress on a project Internal comment or chat system within the app Mobile app for on the go editing Approval process that let's a manager know if content has been reviewed or not Pre-made printable progress reports Social Media competitor analysis Google Analytics, bit.ly and other integrations The ability to separate different clients or projects by calendar Again, your specific list will depend on what type of tool you're looking for. Recommended Reading: How to Be More Successful With the Right Content Marketing Tools Start Your Initial Research Phase Yes, we finally got to the research phase. But I'm not unleashing you on to Google just yet. There's a good reason I promise. How you research is just as important as what you research. How you research your marketing tools is just as important as what you research them for.Pick One Researcher From Your Marketing Team Having only one researcher pays off for a number of different reasons: We have innate nature to compete with one another.  If you have 10 people researching 10 different tools, you suddenly have ten people championing their favorite tool. Not only is that a lot of noise, you have each person competing to say that they were the ones that picked the new marketing tool. You only need one expert.  The person that is conducting your research knows exactly what your team needs. They in essence, become an expert in all things marketing tools, making it easier to make an informed decision. You don't want to waste the team's already limited time.  You know you're team is busy. Taking away an hour of 10 people's time on your team is 10 hours that could have been spent elsewhere. Taking away even 3 hours of one person's time is a much more manageable task.Your team is already loaded to the max. Don't stress them out more then necessary. Research Your Top Ten Tools Okay, open up your browser. You can finally start searching for your marketing tool. You're going to have a lot of options and that's ok. That's why we made your checklist. As you go through the endless pages of tools, document them in your top ten in your spreadsheet that you downloaded earlier. Get that done? Ok, let's keep going. Add up the totals in your spreadsheet and narrow them down to your top three. Look for tools that: Meet your must-have criteria Meet your budget Meet most if not all of your must have's Why three you ask? Understand the Psychology of Three First, Second, and Third. Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Yours, mine and ours. Lots of things come in threes. Why? Because repeating a message three times helps stop the internal noise and distractions going on around you. Having three similar tools that meet your expectations will help solidify, in your mind, what tool you need. Choosing new marketing tools? Here's why you should narrow your choices down to three:Make Your Final Decision So you've narrowed in down to your top three tools. Check your point system again. Did one edge out over the others? If so, there is your winner. That was easy, wasn't it? Recommended Reading: How to Influence Marketing Change Management [Backed By Science] How To Pitch Your Favorite Tool You did all that work and you finally have the results of all your labor. This is the tool  that you believe will revolutionize the way your marketing team works. Now you just have to convince your boss to believe that too. What if I told you I outlined your entire presentation for you? You can download the whole thing right now. However, if you want to take the time to build your own presentation here's some things that you're going to want to cover. What To Cover In Your Presentation For Your Boss Depending on what your boss wants to see in your presentation, your list may vary. However, if it was me, this is what I would cover. What brought on the need for the tool? What did I hope the team would gain by investing in a tool? What qualifications would I be measuring this tool against? How many tools did I initially research? What did I narrow my decision down to? What qualities put this tool over the top? Price point Is there a demo or trail period that we could do to see if the tool works? You convinced your boss. They gave you the green light to move forward. Now the task lies on you convincing your team that they need this tool.

Britains Control Over Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Britains Control Over Industrialization - Essay Example The industrial revolution brought about the invention of iron and textile industries as well as the steam engine that were the central roles of the revolution. Britain is known to be the leader in the industrial revolution as most of the industrial revolution revolves around it. It is also known that Britain maintained much authority over the revolution period and controlled the economic and political structures of many states. From this perspective, it is clear that Britain had much control over the industrial revolution due to various reasons. A number of reasons have been tabled down backing up Britain’s dominance in the Industrial Revolution. Some are geographical while others seem to e social-political in nature. On the geographical factors, Britain had huge coal deposits that were used to power the newly invented machines (Dunn and Laura, 25-28). The other geographical factor was that Britain had many waterways. Most of the rivers in the country were navigable, and much of the coal deposits were near these rivers. Also, the country had many and long coastlines that made transportation easier through the water. Therefore, the availability of both coal and waterways enabled extra coal extraction and transportation in the country possible. The other factor that made Britain dominate during the Industrial Revolution was the fact that it had created a huge empire for itself overseas. All British Empire were used to provide raw materials that were used in the Britain mills. On the other hand, these empires had been m ade captive markets by the Britain for its finished products. For instance, the British had captured most of the Asian countries creating a free market for raw materials. Also, it had made it impossible for these countries to build their industries so that it could dominate the market (Dunn and Laura, 28-33). Any country that resisted Britain’s dominance faced the risk

Leadership that influence Implementation at Qantas Essay

Leadership that influence Implementation at Qantas - Essay Example In order to enhance the competitive positioning of Qantas in the market, its management decided to undertake a strategic alliance with Emirates. After vivid negotiation with its president, Mr. Tim Clark, the joint venture took place that proved extremely effective for the organization of Qantas to reduce its huge losses and debts. However, at the time of implementation of such a strategic change, various internal factors such as politics or political forces, culture and leadership styles resisted it.   At the time of implementation of the strategies and policies of Emirates within the organization of Qantas, there arouse a serious conflict among the senior management, employees and trade unions. This is mainly due to over-reaction of the trade unions such as Australian and International Pilots Association (AIPA), the Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association (ALAEA), and the Transport Workers Union (TWU) in order to resist the alliance among Qantas and Emirates. Moreover, both the employees and the trade union members decided to act against the management and joined hands with the other employees of industrial actions. Moreover, the employees also called up strikes that hampered the operations of Qantas thereby decreasing its total profit margin. Along with this, due to industrial strikes, numerous employees are terminated and many fleets are also grounded by the CEO Alan Joyce (Hazledine, 2008).   As a result of which, the reliability and dependency of the customers over the brand.

Challenges to Defining Cybercrime

Challenges to Defining Cybercrime What is Cybercrime? At this point of time there is no commonly agreed definition of ‘Cybercrime’. The area of Cybercrime is very broad and the technical nature of the subject has made extremely difficult for authorities to come up with a precise definition of Cybercrime. The British police have defined Cybercrime as ‘use of any computer network for crime’ and council of Europe has defined Cybercrime as ‘any criminal offence against or with help of computer network. The two definitions offered by the British police and council of Europe are both very broad and they offer very little insight into the nature of conduct which falls under the defined term. Most of us do a vague idea what Cybercrime means but it seems that it is very to difficult to pinpoint the exact conduct which can be regarded as Cybercrime. For the purposes of the dissertation, I shall attempt to come up with my own definition of Cybercrime; the available definitions do not adequately explain the concept of Cybercrime. In order to understand and provide better insight into nature of Cybercrime, it will be a good idea to divide Cybercrime into two categories because computers can be used in two ways to commit Cybercrime. The first category will include crimes in which the computer was used as tool to commit the offence. The computer has enabled criminals to use the technology to commit crimes such as fraud and copyright privacy. The computer can be exploited just as another technical device which can be exploited, for e.g. a phone can be used to verbally abuse someone or stalk someone, someway the internet can be used to stalk someone or verbally abuse someone. The second category will include offences which are committed with intention of damaging or modifying computers. In this category the target of the crime is the computer itself, offences such as hacking. Whichever categories the offence committed falls in, ultimately it are us the humans who have to suffer the consequences of Cybercrime. Now we know that there are two ways in which the computer can be used to commit offences, my definition of Cybercrime would be: â€Å"Illegal acts using the computer as instrument to commit an offence, or targeting a computer network to damage or modifying computers for malicious purposes† Even my definition cannot be regarded as precise, as pointed earlier that due to the broad and technical nature of Cybercrime, it almost impossible to come up with a precise definition. The term Cybercrime is a social term to describe criminal activities which take place in world of computers; it is not an established term within the criminal law. The fact that there is no legal definition of Cybercrime within criminal law makes the whole area of Cybercrime very complicated for concerned authorities and the general public, it creates confusion such as what constitutes as Cybercrime and if Cybercrime cannot be defined properly how will the victims report the crime? The lack of proper definition means that majority of the Cybercrime which takes place is unreported as the victims and the authorities are not sure whether the conduct is a Cybercrime. It is estimated that 90% of the Cybercrime which occurs is unreported. Types of Cybercrime Computer can be used to commit various crimes, in order to have a better understanding of Cybercrime; we shall look at individually the types of crimes which are committed in the world of computers. It will not possible to describe every type of Cybercrime which exists due to the word limit, we will only concentrate on crimes which are considered to be major threats to our security. First Category Fraud Fraud can be defined as use of deception for direct or indirect financial or monetary gain. The internet can be used as means targeting the victim by replicating â€Å"real world† frauds such as get rich quick schemes which don’t exist, emails which demand an additional fee to be paid via credit card to stop loss of service such as internet or banking. The increasing availability of the internet means that fraudsters can carry out fraudulent activities on a grand scale. Fraud is a traditional crime which has existed for centuries and internet is merely a tool by which the fraudsters actions are carried out. Fraud has become a serious threat to e-commerce and other online transactions. Statistics suggest that internet only accounts for 3% of credit card fraud, credit card fraud is one of the more difficult frauds to commit on the internet, however other forms of fraud such as phising are more easier to carry out using the internet and equally lucrative. Phising is a form of fraud which is rapidly increasing. Phising is when you get emails from commercial organizations such your bank and other financial institutions, they would ask you to update your details, emails look genuine and it is a scam to trick people on giving their details. There are no official figures available on ‘phishing scams’ but on average I receive about three emails everyday asking me to update my bank account details. Recently there was email going around asking the staff members and students of LSBU to update their personal details, the email looked genuine but the ICT staff informed students/staff to ignore as it was a trick to gain personal information. Since the advancement of technology, it is has become easier and cheaper to communicate and fraudsters are also taking advantage of technology because it is easier to exploit the internet and it is cheaper than other alternatives such as phone and postal mail. There are other forms of fraud such as auction fraud, it is when buy goods in auction and you pay for the item but your item will never turn up. Fraud is one of the lucrative crimes on the internet; experts suggest that it is more than trafficking drugs. The reasons why fraudsters prefer internet is because: Internet has made mass communication easy and it is cheap, same email can be sent to millions of people very easily and cheaply with just one click of button. Majority of users do not have adequate knowledge on how technology works, this makes it easy for fraudsters to fool innocent people into taking an action such as giving their personal details. Internet users are considered naà ¯ve in the sense that they have too much faith in the information they receive via the internet, therefore, they do not take necessary steps to verify the information and often get tricked in handing out their credit card or personal details. Offences against person(s) Offence against a person can either be physical or mental, it is not possible to cause direct physical harm to a person using a computer but it is possible to cause mental harm such as anxiety, distress or psychological harm. It can be done by sending abusive or threatening emails or posting derogatory information online. Stalking is a crime which is done to harass another person repeatedly. As the number of user on the internet increased, the opportunities for abuse have also increased. It is possible to use internet as a tool for sending abusive emails, leaving offensive messages on guestbooks, or posting misinformation on blogs. In some cases, cyberstalkers have morphed images of their victims onto pornographic images and then emailing the pictures to relative and work colleagues to cause embarrassment. There are mainly three reasons for committing a crime such as stalking, Main reason is usually when relationships fail, former intimates usually target their ex-boyfriend/girlfriend to get revenge. Second reason for cyberstalking is boredom; some people usually pick random people and target them by sending them abusive and threatening emails just for fun. Cyberstalkers take advantage of anonymity of the internet to cause distress to their victim’s life. Hate and racist speech is also a form of crime which escalated since the introduction of the internet; it can cause traumatic experience and mental distress to those who are targeted. Post 9/11, there have been many websites set up to mock the religion Islam, such as www.laughingatislam.com, this website has been cause of distress to many Muslims around the world. Sexual offences This category includes offences which have sexual element, such as making undesired sexual approaches in chat-rooms and paedophiles harrasing children. Child pornography and child protection are one of the main concerns on the internet. Paedophiles are taking full advantage to exploit the technology for viewing and exchanging child pornography. Paedophiles use the internet to their advantage, they use chat rooms and other popular social networks such as facebook to entice and lure children into meeting them. Many popular chat rooms such as MSN Chat and Yahoo chat have closed down their chat rooms to protect young children but closure of popular chat rooms have not stopped paedophiles from using less popular chat rooms and other social networks. Second category Hacking related offences Hacking can be defined as gaining unauthorised access to a computer system. As soon as we hear the word ‘hacking’, we tend to think that it is a crime, it should be noted that hacking started of as show of skill to gain temporary access to computer systems. It was rather an intellectual challenge than a criminal motive. But now, many hackers misuse their skills to inflict damage and destruction. Examples of hacking include stealing confident information such credit card details. In a recent incident of hacking, Harriet Harman whose is a politician, taking part in upcoming elections. Her website was hacked and the blog section of her website encouraged the audience to vote for Boris Johnson whose is a competitor of Harman Harriet. Boris Johnson has also complained that his email account was hacked recently. Most politicians believe that internet as a medium will be a major part of election campaigns and activities such as hacking can sabotage election campaigns by posting disinformation on candidate’s websites. Virus and Other Malicious Programs Virus is a malicious code or program that replicates itself and inserts copies or new versions onto other programs, affecting computer systems. Viruses are designed to modify computer systems without the consent of the owner or operator. Viruses are created to inflict senseless damage to computer system. It is a widely accepted perception that crime is committed in times economic distress. Criminals do not gain any monetary benefit; it is simply done to show off their computer skills. Some viruses are failed programs or accidental releases. The most famous virus which was released is the I LOVE YOU virus or commonly known as the ‘love bug’. The virus damaged millions of computers worldwide; it caused damage worth of $8.5bn, the author of the virus claims that it was released to impress his girlfriend. Legislation on Cybercrime It is often believed that the internet is just like the ‘wild west’ where there no rules and regulations and people are free to carry out illegal activities. Fortunately, this is not true at all; there is legislation which exists to protect us from cybercrimes. Type of crime Legislation Fraud Fraud Act 2006(Covers all types of possible frauds) Offences against person(s) The Public Order Act 1986(Hate speech) Sexual Offences The Protection of children Act 1978 The Criminal Justice Act 1988 The Criminal Justice an Public Order Act 1988 Sexual Offences Act 2003 After carefully reviewing all pieces of legislations mentioned above, I can conclude by saying that legislation we have at the moment is adequate enough to protect us from any sort of traditional crime carried out using computers. There were few anomalies which have been removed now. Anomalies The Theft Act 1968 which previously covered fraud has been replaced by Fraud Act 2006 to cover anomaly under the previous legislation. In the case of Clayman, it was held that it is not unlawful to defraud a computer; the courts do not regard computers as deceivable as the process is fully automated. In theory if we apply the principle deriving from the Clayman case then it will not be unlawful to false credit card number when signing up for an online service such as subscription to a newsgroup or online gaming. There is only exception to this rule that it will not apply if deception involves licensed telecommunications services, such as dial-up chat lines pay-per-view TV. Second anomaly before us was that information was not regarded property. In the case of Oxford v Moss, in this case a student took a copy of forthcoming exam from a lecturer’s desk and made a photocopy of that exam paper, it was held that the student cannot be charged under the theft act as he did not deprive the owner of the asset, a copy had simply been taken. Computers only contain information, by applying the principle deriving from this case, it means that it is acceptable to print other people’s files as long they do not deprive the owner of the file by deleting it, one would only be prosecuted if he/she steals trade secret or confidential information. Decisions in both cases mentioned above are absurd, both of them were decided in 1970s, the only possible reason for reaching absurd decision could only be lack of knowledge on technology. Previous legislation took into account the consequences of the fraudster’s activities when deciding whether the conduct in question is an offence. The Fraud Act 2006 aims to prosecute the fraudsters on the basis of their actual conduct rather than the consequences of their activities. How serious is the threat? In order to determine the seriousness of the threat, it is important to look at the statistics available on cybercrime. Type of crime Number of cases reported Fraud 299,000 Offences against the person 1,944000 Sexual offences 850,238 Computer Misuse(Hacking) 144,500 Virus related incidents 6,000000 Total number of cases reported 9,237738 Source of statistics: Garlik According to the figures, they were approximately 9.23 million incidents of cybercrime reported in the year 2006. Statistics show that 15% of the population of the UK was affected by cybercrime in someway, after looking at these figures; one can easily conclude that we are having an epidemic of cybercrime. These statistics could only the tip of the iceberg of the totality of cybercrime; experts believe that real figure could be 10 times higher as cybercrime is massively under-reported. Reasons for under-reporting Reporting any crime involves a three stage process: The conduct needs to be observed. The conduct needs to categorised as criminal. The relevant authorities need to be informed of the criminal conduct. A particular crime will not be reported if there is failure in any of the stages, therefore the relevant authorities will not take action against the criminal. There are certain factors which affect reporting of cybercrime, factors include: Sometimes the criminal conduct is not noticed, internet fraud usually comprises of low-value transactions across a bulk body of victims, and victims are not always able to spot discrepancy in their bank accounts. Lack of awareness means that the victims may not know whether the conduct in question is a crime. Victims of viruses don’t see them as victims of crime, people tend to see viruses as technical issue, and therefore, the victim would believe that no one has broken the law. Most victims don’t know which authorities they should contact to report cybercrime. Police officers have inadequate amount of resources and don’t have the expertise to deal with cybercrime at the moment, therefore, pursuing a formal complaint can be a difficult process. Once I tried reporting a cybercrime, a laptop was purchased on EBay but the seller took my money and never sent the laptop, this is a common case of auction fraud. I did try to make a complain, the whole process was extremely slow, the officer dealing with me had no clue what EBay is, I was able to register a complaint but it has been two years and my complain is still unresolved. Under-reporting is factor which contributes towards increase in cybercrime, under-reporting mean that criminals will have less fear of getting caught and therefore, they are more likely to commit illegal acts online. People’s attitude towards cybercrime Traditional crimes such as murder, rape and robbery can have serious effects on the victim’s life; in some cases the victim may not be able to lead a normal life after being a victim of crime. In contrast to cybercrime, the impact is not that serious, majority of users have insurance against financial frauds, and frauds are usually of low-value. Viruses can easily be filtered using antivirus software. Other offences such as cyberstalking usually cause some anxiety and distress. Only crimes such as child pornography have a greater impact, it is the only the crime which can have a serious consequences on the victims life. A recent survey suggest that only 37% are afraid to use the internet after being a victim of crime, majority of the users do continue to use the internet after being a victim. Cybercrime and e-commerce Cybercrime is a growing concern for all of us, however, the effects of cybercrime are not hindering the growth of the internet, and the effects of cybercrime on the e-commerce have not been drastic. Financial transactions over the internet are on the rise, number of people using internet for shopping is increase day by day and over one third of population is using internet banking. One of the reasons why cybercrime spiraling out of control is the fact that it is very easy to commit if have the technical knowledge, all you need is a computer connected to the internet, the crimes on the internet are hard to detect. It can be committed from anywhere in the world, the criminal could sitting in Africa and targeting his victim in Australia. In the next chapter, we shall examine the problems faced by authorities when investigating cybercrime. Jurisdiction Jurisdictional issues and the cyberspace Cyberspace is a world without defined boundaries; anyone can access any website using his computer. It can very difficult to locate the source of crime in cyberspace because relative anonymity and as easy way to shield identity. Even if the relevant authorities are able to identify the source of crime, it is not always easy to prosecute the criminal. Double criminality When dealing cross border crime, it is imperative that both countries should recognise the conduct as illegal in both jurisdictions. The principle of double criminality prohibits the extradition of a person, if the conduct in question is not recognized as a criminal offence by the country receiving the request for jurisdiction. Imagine a situation where a computer programmer from Zimbabwe sends Barclays bank a virus which causes the computers in Barclays bank to malfunction, the bank cannot carry out their business for 1 hour and as a result they lose about $1 million worth of revenue. English authorities would want to extradite the offender to England so they could prosecute the offender. In an action for extradition, the applicant is required to show that actions of the accused constitute a criminal offence exceeding a minimum level of seriousness in both jurisdictions. Imagine now that they are no laws on spreading viruses in Zimbabwe, therefore it will not possible to show offender’s action constitute as criminal behavior. If they are no laws regarding on cybercrime in Zimbabwe then he cannot be extradited and he will walk free after deliberately causing damage to Barclays bank. Cybercrime has an international dimension, it is imperative that legal protection is harmonised internationally. There are still about 33 countries such as Albania, Yugoslavia and Malta; they have no laws on cybercrimes. If there are no laws then those countries are considered as computer crime havens. The perpetrator of ‘I LOVE YOU’ virus which caused $8.5 billion worth damage was caught in Philippines but he could not be prosecuted as Philippines had no laws on cybercrime. Cybercrime is global issue and the world will need to work together in order to tackle cybercrime. How real world crime dealt across borders? In relation to real world crime which transcended national borders, an idiosyncratic network of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties(MLATs) bound various countries to assist each other in investigating real world crime, such as drug trafficking. If there was no treaty agreement between two countries then they would contact the relevant authorities to ask for assistance and obtain evidence, this mechanism was sufficient in dealing with real world crime. This mechanism can only work if both countries have similar cybercrime laws; if any country lacks cybercrime laws then the process would fail. How should Jurisdiction be approached in Cybercrime? In a case of cyberstalking, An Australian man was stalking a Canadian Actress. The man harassed the actress by sending unsolicited emails. Australian Supreme Court of Victoria held that crimes ‘committed over the internet knows no borders’ and ‘State and national boundaries do not concern them’, therefore, jurisdiction should not be the issue. He was convicted. This case was straightforward as both nations recognise stalking as a criminal offence, however, there can be conflicts if both nations do not recognize the act as criminal. In Licra v Yahoo, French courts tried to exercise jurisdiction over an American company. Yahoo was accused of Nazi memorabilia contrary to Article R645-1 of the French Criminal Code. Yahoo argued that there are not in breach of Article R645-1 as they were conducting the auction under the jurisdiction of USA and it is not illegal to sell Nazi memorabilia under the American law. In order to prove that Yahoo is subject American jurisdiction, they argued the following points: Yahoo servers are located in US territory. Services of Yahoo are primarily aimed at US citizens. According to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, freedom of speech and expression is guaranteed and any attempt to enforce judgement which restricts freedom of speech and expression would fail for unconstitutionality. The court ruled that they have full jurisdiction over Yahoo because: The auction was open to worldwide bidders, including France. It is possible to view the auction in France, viewing and displaying Nazi memorabilia causes public nuisance and it is offence to public nuisance under the French law. Yahoo had a customer base in France, the advertisements were in French. Yahoo did have knowledge that French citizens use their site; therefore they should not do anything to offend French citizens. Yahoo ignored the French court ruling and kept saying that they French court does not have the right to exercise jurisdiction over an American company. Yahoo was warned that they would have to pay heavy fines if they don’t comply. In the end Yahoo owners did comply with the judgement they had substantial assets in France which were at risk of being confiscated if they don’t claim. The sole reason why French courts were able to exercise jurisdiction over Yahoo because it is a multinational company with large presence in France. Imagine instead of France, if the action would have been taken by courts of Saudi Arabia on auctioning playboy magazines, under the Saudi Arabian Sharia law, it is illegal to view or buy pornography. Saudi Arabia court would have failed to exercise jurisdiction over Yahoo as they don’t have any presence in Saudi Arabia but it was possible to view Yahoo auctions from Saudi Arabia. The case of Yahoo is a rare example where a court was able to exercise jurisdiction over a foreign company. In majority of the cases concerning individuals, courts trying to exercise jurisdiction over foreign elements are usually ignored. In the case of Nottinghamshire County Council v. Gwatkin (UK), injunctions were issued against many journalists to prevent them from publishing disseminating a leaked report that strongly criticises [the Councils] handling of allegations of satanic abuse of children in the 1980s. Despite the injunctions, a report appeared on an American website. The website refused to respect the English jurisdiction as they argued that the report was a public document. The Nottinghamshire had no option then to drop the case. Cybercrime has an international dimension. International law is complicated area, it can be very difficult to co-operate with authorities if there is no or weak diplomatic ties, for e.g. Pakistan and Israel have no diplomatic ties, if a situation arises where Israeli citizen hacks into State bank of Pakistan steals millions of dollars from the bank, in a situation like this, one easily assume that both countries would not co-operate with each other even though both countries recognise hacking as a offence but they do not have diplomatic ties with each other, most probably the hacker would get away with the crime. A case involving Russian hackers, they hacked into Paypal and stole 53,000 credit card details. Paypal is an American company. The Russian hackers blackmailed Paypal and asked for a substantial amount of money, they threatened they would publish the details of 53,000 credit cards if they do not receive the money. Russia and American both have signed extradition treaty but still Russian authorities failed to take action, it is still not clear why they did not take appropriate action against the Russian hackers. Both nations struggled to gain jurisdiction over each other. FBI decided to take things into their own hands by setting up a secret operation, undercover agents posed as reprenstatives of a bogus security firm Invita. The bogus security firm invited the Russian hackers to US with prospects of employment. When the interview for employment by the bogus firm Invita was being carried out, the Russian hackers were asked to display there hacking skills, one of the hackers accessed his own system in Russia to show off his skills, the FBI recorded every keystroke and later arrested the Russian hackers for multiple offences such as hacking, fraud and extortion. The keystrokes recorded were later used to hack into one of the hacker’s computer in Russia to access incriminating evidence. All this took place without the knowledge of Russian authorities. When Russian authorities came to know about whole incident, they were furious and argued that US misused their authority and infringing on another sovereign nation’s jurisdiction. Lack of co-operation in relation to jurisdiction can lead to serious problems between nations, in order to avoid such conflicts, there is need to address the jurisdiction issue and come up with a mechanism which ensures that countries co-operate with each other. Where is the Jurisdiction? In the real world crime, the conduct and the effect of the conduct are easy to pin down because we can visibly see the human carrying out the conduct and the effect of the conduct is also visible. The location of the offence and the location of the perpetrator can easily be identified. Imagine a situation in which a shooter in Canada shots an American across Niagara Falls, it is clear from the example that the conduct took place in Canada and the effect of the conduct took place in Canada. Cyberspace is not real, people say that events on cyberspace occur everywhere and nowhere, a man disseminating a virus could release a virus which travel through servers of many different country before reaching the victim, for e.g. a person makes a racist website targeting Jews in Malta, uploads the website on American servers and the website is available for everyone to see, a Jewish living in Israel comes across the website and gets offended. In a situation like this where would you bring an action, should you bring an action in Malta because the perpetrator is based over there, would bring an action in America where the server is hosted or would bring the action in Israel where the victim is? There are specific laws regarding jurisdiction issues on the internet, the world is still struggling to come up with a solution which would solve the problem of jurisdiction. Positive or Negative Jurisdiction? The principle of negative jurisdiction occurs when no country is willing to exercise jurisdiction for a cybercrime. Cybercrime can have multiple victims in different countries; the ‘love bug’ caused damage in many different countries including USA, UK, France and Germany. If the damage is caused to multiple countries then who should claim jurisdiction over the cybercrime, should it by prioritised by the amount of damage suffered by each country. If the effected countries decide not to take action against the perpetrator because it is not in their best interest, the country may be occupied by other internal problems. If no country is willing to exercise jurisdiction over a cybercrime then the perpetrator would walk free. Positive jurisdiction is opposite of negative jurisdiction, how will the issue of jurisdiction be decided if more than two countries want to exercise t Challenges to Defining Cybercrime Challenges to Defining Cybercrime What is Cybercrime? At this point of time there is no commonly agreed definition of ‘Cybercrime’. The area of Cybercrime is very broad and the technical nature of the subject has made extremely difficult for authorities to come up with a precise definition of Cybercrime. The British police have defined Cybercrime as ‘use of any computer network for crime’ and council of Europe has defined Cybercrime as ‘any criminal offence against or with help of computer network. The two definitions offered by the British police and council of Europe are both very broad and they offer very little insight into the nature of conduct which falls under the defined term. Most of us do a vague idea what Cybercrime means but it seems that it is very to difficult to pinpoint the exact conduct which can be regarded as Cybercrime. For the purposes of the dissertation, I shall attempt to come up with my own definition of Cybercrime; the available definitions do not adequately explain the concept of Cybercrime. In order to understand and provide better insight into nature of Cybercrime, it will be a good idea to divide Cybercrime into two categories because computers can be used in two ways to commit Cybercrime. The first category will include crimes in which the computer was used as tool to commit the offence. The computer has enabled criminals to use the technology to commit crimes such as fraud and copyright privacy. The computer can be exploited just as another technical device which can be exploited, for e.g. a phone can be used to verbally abuse someone or stalk someone, someway the internet can be used to stalk someone or verbally abuse someone. The second category will include offences which are committed with intention of damaging or modifying computers. In this category the target of the crime is the computer itself, offences such as hacking. Whichever categories the offence committed falls in, ultimately it are us the humans who have to suffer the consequences of Cybercrime. Now we know that there are two ways in which the computer can be used to commit offences, my definition of Cybercrime would be: â€Å"Illegal acts using the computer as instrument to commit an offence, or targeting a computer network to damage or modifying computers for malicious purposes† Even my definition cannot be regarded as precise, as pointed earlier that due to the broad and technical nature of Cybercrime, it almost impossible to come up with a precise definition. The term Cybercrime is a social term to describe criminal activities which take place in world of computers; it is not an established term within the criminal law. The fact that there is no legal definition of Cybercrime within criminal law makes the whole area of Cybercrime very complicated for concerned authorities and the general public, it creates confusion such as what constitutes as Cybercrime and if Cybercrime cannot be defined properly how will the victims report the crime? The lack of proper definition means that majority of the Cybercrime which takes place is unreported as the victims and the authorities are not sure whether the conduct is a Cybercrime. It is estimated that 90% of the Cybercrime which occurs is unreported. Types of Cybercrime Computer can be used to commit various crimes, in order to have a better understanding of Cybercrime; we shall look at individually the types of crimes which are committed in the world of computers. It will not possible to describe every type of Cybercrime which exists due to the word limit, we will only concentrate on crimes which are considered to be major threats to our security. First Category Fraud Fraud can be defined as use of deception for direct or indirect financial or monetary gain. The internet can be used as means targeting the victim by replicating â€Å"real world† frauds such as get rich quick schemes which don’t exist, emails which demand an additional fee to be paid via credit card to stop loss of service such as internet or banking. The increasing availability of the internet means that fraudsters can carry out fraudulent activities on a grand scale. Fraud is a traditional crime which has existed for centuries and internet is merely a tool by which the fraudsters actions are carried out. Fraud has become a serious threat to e-commerce and other online transactions. Statistics suggest that internet only accounts for 3% of credit card fraud, credit card fraud is one of the more difficult frauds to commit on the internet, however other forms of fraud such as phising are more easier to carry out using the internet and equally lucrative. Phising is a form of fraud which is rapidly increasing. Phising is when you get emails from commercial organizations such your bank and other financial institutions, they would ask you to update your details, emails look genuine and it is a scam to trick people on giving their details. There are no official figures available on ‘phishing scams’ but on average I receive about three emails everyday asking me to update my bank account details. Recently there was email going around asking the staff members and students of LSBU to update their personal details, the email looked genuine but the ICT staff informed students/staff to ignore as it was a trick to gain personal information. Since the advancement of technology, it is has become easier and cheaper to communicate and fraudsters are also taking advantage of technology because it is easier to exploit the internet and it is cheaper than other alternatives such as phone and postal mail. There are other forms of fraud such as auction fraud, it is when buy goods in auction and you pay for the item but your item will never turn up. Fraud is one of the lucrative crimes on the internet; experts suggest that it is more than trafficking drugs. The reasons why fraudsters prefer internet is because: Internet has made mass communication easy and it is cheap, same email can be sent to millions of people very easily and cheaply with just one click of button. Majority of users do not have adequate knowledge on how technology works, this makes it easy for fraudsters to fool innocent people into taking an action such as giving their personal details. Internet users are considered naà ¯ve in the sense that they have too much faith in the information they receive via the internet, therefore, they do not take necessary steps to verify the information and often get tricked in handing out their credit card or personal details. Offences against person(s) Offence against a person can either be physical or mental, it is not possible to cause direct physical harm to a person using a computer but it is possible to cause mental harm such as anxiety, distress or psychological harm. It can be done by sending abusive or threatening emails or posting derogatory information online. Stalking is a crime which is done to harass another person repeatedly. As the number of user on the internet increased, the opportunities for abuse have also increased. It is possible to use internet as a tool for sending abusive emails, leaving offensive messages on guestbooks, or posting misinformation on blogs. In some cases, cyberstalkers have morphed images of their victims onto pornographic images and then emailing the pictures to relative and work colleagues to cause embarrassment. There are mainly three reasons for committing a crime such as stalking, Main reason is usually when relationships fail, former intimates usually target their ex-boyfriend/girlfriend to get revenge. Second reason for cyberstalking is boredom; some people usually pick random people and target them by sending them abusive and threatening emails just for fun. Cyberstalkers take advantage of anonymity of the internet to cause distress to their victim’s life. Hate and racist speech is also a form of crime which escalated since the introduction of the internet; it can cause traumatic experience and mental distress to those who are targeted. Post 9/11, there have been many websites set up to mock the religion Islam, such as www.laughingatislam.com, this website has been cause of distress to many Muslims around the world. Sexual offences This category includes offences which have sexual element, such as making undesired sexual approaches in chat-rooms and paedophiles harrasing children. Child pornography and child protection are one of the main concerns on the internet. Paedophiles are taking full advantage to exploit the technology for viewing and exchanging child pornography. Paedophiles use the internet to their advantage, they use chat rooms and other popular social networks such as facebook to entice and lure children into meeting them. Many popular chat rooms such as MSN Chat and Yahoo chat have closed down their chat rooms to protect young children but closure of popular chat rooms have not stopped paedophiles from using less popular chat rooms and other social networks. Second category Hacking related offences Hacking can be defined as gaining unauthorised access to a computer system. As soon as we hear the word ‘hacking’, we tend to think that it is a crime, it should be noted that hacking started of as show of skill to gain temporary access to computer systems. It was rather an intellectual challenge than a criminal motive. But now, many hackers misuse their skills to inflict damage and destruction. Examples of hacking include stealing confident information such credit card details. In a recent incident of hacking, Harriet Harman whose is a politician, taking part in upcoming elections. Her website was hacked and the blog section of her website encouraged the audience to vote for Boris Johnson whose is a competitor of Harman Harriet. Boris Johnson has also complained that his email account was hacked recently. Most politicians believe that internet as a medium will be a major part of election campaigns and activities such as hacking can sabotage election campaigns by posting disinformation on candidate’s websites. Virus and Other Malicious Programs Virus is a malicious code or program that replicates itself and inserts copies or new versions onto other programs, affecting computer systems. Viruses are designed to modify computer systems without the consent of the owner or operator. Viruses are created to inflict senseless damage to computer system. It is a widely accepted perception that crime is committed in times economic distress. Criminals do not gain any monetary benefit; it is simply done to show off their computer skills. Some viruses are failed programs or accidental releases. The most famous virus which was released is the I LOVE YOU virus or commonly known as the ‘love bug’. The virus damaged millions of computers worldwide; it caused damage worth of $8.5bn, the author of the virus claims that it was released to impress his girlfriend. Legislation on Cybercrime It is often believed that the internet is just like the ‘wild west’ where there no rules and regulations and people are free to carry out illegal activities. Fortunately, this is not true at all; there is legislation which exists to protect us from cybercrimes. Type of crime Legislation Fraud Fraud Act 2006(Covers all types of possible frauds) Offences against person(s) The Public Order Act 1986(Hate speech) Sexual Offences The Protection of children Act 1978 The Criminal Justice Act 1988 The Criminal Justice an Public Order Act 1988 Sexual Offences Act 2003 After carefully reviewing all pieces of legislations mentioned above, I can conclude by saying that legislation we have at the moment is adequate enough to protect us from any sort of traditional crime carried out using computers. There were few anomalies which have been removed now. Anomalies The Theft Act 1968 which previously covered fraud has been replaced by Fraud Act 2006 to cover anomaly under the previous legislation. In the case of Clayman, it was held that it is not unlawful to defraud a computer; the courts do not regard computers as deceivable as the process is fully automated. In theory if we apply the principle deriving from the Clayman case then it will not be unlawful to false credit card number when signing up for an online service such as subscription to a newsgroup or online gaming. There is only exception to this rule that it will not apply if deception involves licensed telecommunications services, such as dial-up chat lines pay-per-view TV. Second anomaly before us was that information was not regarded property. In the case of Oxford v Moss, in this case a student took a copy of forthcoming exam from a lecturer’s desk and made a photocopy of that exam paper, it was held that the student cannot be charged under the theft act as he did not deprive the owner of the asset, a copy had simply been taken. Computers only contain information, by applying the principle deriving from this case, it means that it is acceptable to print other people’s files as long they do not deprive the owner of the file by deleting it, one would only be prosecuted if he/she steals trade secret or confidential information. Decisions in both cases mentioned above are absurd, both of them were decided in 1970s, the only possible reason for reaching absurd decision could only be lack of knowledge on technology. Previous legislation took into account the consequences of the fraudster’s activities when deciding whether the conduct in question is an offence. The Fraud Act 2006 aims to prosecute the fraudsters on the basis of their actual conduct rather than the consequences of their activities. How serious is the threat? In order to determine the seriousness of the threat, it is important to look at the statistics available on cybercrime. Type of crime Number of cases reported Fraud 299,000 Offences against the person 1,944000 Sexual offences 850,238 Computer Misuse(Hacking) 144,500 Virus related incidents 6,000000 Total number of cases reported 9,237738 Source of statistics: Garlik According to the figures, they were approximately 9.23 million incidents of cybercrime reported in the year 2006. Statistics show that 15% of the population of the UK was affected by cybercrime in someway, after looking at these figures; one can easily conclude that we are having an epidemic of cybercrime. These statistics could only the tip of the iceberg of the totality of cybercrime; experts believe that real figure could be 10 times higher as cybercrime is massively under-reported. Reasons for under-reporting Reporting any crime involves a three stage process: The conduct needs to be observed. The conduct needs to categorised as criminal. The relevant authorities need to be informed of the criminal conduct. A particular crime will not be reported if there is failure in any of the stages, therefore the relevant authorities will not take action against the criminal. There are certain factors which affect reporting of cybercrime, factors include: Sometimes the criminal conduct is not noticed, internet fraud usually comprises of low-value transactions across a bulk body of victims, and victims are not always able to spot discrepancy in their bank accounts. Lack of awareness means that the victims may not know whether the conduct in question is a crime. Victims of viruses don’t see them as victims of crime, people tend to see viruses as technical issue, and therefore, the victim would believe that no one has broken the law. Most victims don’t know which authorities they should contact to report cybercrime. Police officers have inadequate amount of resources and don’t have the expertise to deal with cybercrime at the moment, therefore, pursuing a formal complaint can be a difficult process. Once I tried reporting a cybercrime, a laptop was purchased on EBay but the seller took my money and never sent the laptop, this is a common case of auction fraud. I did try to make a complain, the whole process was extremely slow, the officer dealing with me had no clue what EBay is, I was able to register a complaint but it has been two years and my complain is still unresolved. Under-reporting is factor which contributes towards increase in cybercrime, under-reporting mean that criminals will have less fear of getting caught and therefore, they are more likely to commit illegal acts online. People’s attitude towards cybercrime Traditional crimes such as murder, rape and robbery can have serious effects on the victim’s life; in some cases the victim may not be able to lead a normal life after being a victim of crime. In contrast to cybercrime, the impact is not that serious, majority of users have insurance against financial frauds, and frauds are usually of low-value. Viruses can easily be filtered using antivirus software. Other offences such as cyberstalking usually cause some anxiety and distress. Only crimes such as child pornography have a greater impact, it is the only the crime which can have a serious consequences on the victims life. A recent survey suggest that only 37% are afraid to use the internet after being a victim of crime, majority of the users do continue to use the internet after being a victim. Cybercrime and e-commerce Cybercrime is a growing concern for all of us, however, the effects of cybercrime are not hindering the growth of the internet, and the effects of cybercrime on the e-commerce have not been drastic. Financial transactions over the internet are on the rise, number of people using internet for shopping is increase day by day and over one third of population is using internet banking. One of the reasons why cybercrime spiraling out of control is the fact that it is very easy to commit if have the technical knowledge, all you need is a computer connected to the internet, the crimes on the internet are hard to detect. It can be committed from anywhere in the world, the criminal could sitting in Africa and targeting his victim in Australia. In the next chapter, we shall examine the problems faced by authorities when investigating cybercrime. Jurisdiction Jurisdictional issues and the cyberspace Cyberspace is a world without defined boundaries; anyone can access any website using his computer. It can very difficult to locate the source of crime in cyberspace because relative anonymity and as easy way to shield identity. Even if the relevant authorities are able to identify the source of crime, it is not always easy to prosecute the criminal. Double criminality When dealing cross border crime, it is imperative that both countries should recognise the conduct as illegal in both jurisdictions. The principle of double criminality prohibits the extradition of a person, if the conduct in question is not recognized as a criminal offence by the country receiving the request for jurisdiction. Imagine a situation where a computer programmer from Zimbabwe sends Barclays bank a virus which causes the computers in Barclays bank to malfunction, the bank cannot carry out their business for 1 hour and as a result they lose about $1 million worth of revenue. English authorities would want to extradite the offender to England so they could prosecute the offender. In an action for extradition, the applicant is required to show that actions of the accused constitute a criminal offence exceeding a minimum level of seriousness in both jurisdictions. Imagine now that they are no laws on spreading viruses in Zimbabwe, therefore it will not possible to show offender’s action constitute as criminal behavior. If they are no laws regarding on cybercrime in Zimbabwe then he cannot be extradited and he will walk free after deliberately causing damage to Barclays bank. Cybercrime has an international dimension, it is imperative that legal protection is harmonised internationally. There are still about 33 countries such as Albania, Yugoslavia and Malta; they have no laws on cybercrimes. If there are no laws then those countries are considered as computer crime havens. The perpetrator of ‘I LOVE YOU’ virus which caused $8.5 billion worth damage was caught in Philippines but he could not be prosecuted as Philippines had no laws on cybercrime. Cybercrime is global issue and the world will need to work together in order to tackle cybercrime. How real world crime dealt across borders? In relation to real world crime which transcended national borders, an idiosyncratic network of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties(MLATs) bound various countries to assist each other in investigating real world crime, such as drug trafficking. If there was no treaty agreement between two countries then they would contact the relevant authorities to ask for assistance and obtain evidence, this mechanism was sufficient in dealing with real world crime. This mechanism can only work if both countries have similar cybercrime laws; if any country lacks cybercrime laws then the process would fail. How should Jurisdiction be approached in Cybercrime? In a case of cyberstalking, An Australian man was stalking a Canadian Actress. The man harassed the actress by sending unsolicited emails. Australian Supreme Court of Victoria held that crimes ‘committed over the internet knows no borders’ and ‘State and national boundaries do not concern them’, therefore, jurisdiction should not be the issue. He was convicted. This case was straightforward as both nations recognise stalking as a criminal offence, however, there can be conflicts if both nations do not recognize the act as criminal. In Licra v Yahoo, French courts tried to exercise jurisdiction over an American company. Yahoo was accused of Nazi memorabilia contrary to Article R645-1 of the French Criminal Code. Yahoo argued that there are not in breach of Article R645-1 as they were conducting the auction under the jurisdiction of USA and it is not illegal to sell Nazi memorabilia under the American law. In order to prove that Yahoo is subject American jurisdiction, they argued the following points: Yahoo servers are located in US territory. Services of Yahoo are primarily aimed at US citizens. According to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, freedom of speech and expression is guaranteed and any attempt to enforce judgement which restricts freedom of speech and expression would fail for unconstitutionality. The court ruled that they have full jurisdiction over Yahoo because: The auction was open to worldwide bidders, including France. It is possible to view the auction in France, viewing and displaying Nazi memorabilia causes public nuisance and it is offence to public nuisance under the French law. Yahoo had a customer base in France, the advertisements were in French. Yahoo did have knowledge that French citizens use their site; therefore they should not do anything to offend French citizens. Yahoo ignored the French court ruling and kept saying that they French court does not have the right to exercise jurisdiction over an American company. Yahoo was warned that they would have to pay heavy fines if they don’t comply. In the end Yahoo owners did comply with the judgement they had substantial assets in France which were at risk of being confiscated if they don’t claim. The sole reason why French courts were able to exercise jurisdiction over Yahoo because it is a multinational company with large presence in France. Imagine instead of France, if the action would have been taken by courts of Saudi Arabia on auctioning playboy magazines, under the Saudi Arabian Sharia law, it is illegal to view or buy pornography. Saudi Arabia court would have failed to exercise jurisdiction over Yahoo as they don’t have any presence in Saudi Arabia but it was possible to view Yahoo auctions from Saudi Arabia. The case of Yahoo is a rare example where a court was able to exercise jurisdiction over a foreign company. In majority of the cases concerning individuals, courts trying to exercise jurisdiction over foreign elements are usually ignored. In the case of Nottinghamshire County Council v. Gwatkin (UK), injunctions were issued against many journalists to prevent them from publishing disseminating a leaked report that strongly criticises [the Councils] handling of allegations of satanic abuse of children in the 1980s. Despite the injunctions, a report appeared on an American website. The website refused to respect the English jurisdiction as they argued that the report was a public document. The Nottinghamshire had no option then to drop the case. Cybercrime has an international dimension. International law is complicated area, it can be very difficult to co-operate with authorities if there is no or weak diplomatic ties, for e.g. Pakistan and Israel have no diplomatic ties, if a situation arises where Israeli citizen hacks into State bank of Pakistan steals millions of dollars from the bank, in a situation like this, one easily assume that both countries would not co-operate with each other even though both countries recognise hacking as a offence but they do not have diplomatic ties with each other, most probably the hacker would get away with the crime. A case involving Russian hackers, they hacked into Paypal and stole 53,000 credit card details. Paypal is an American company. The Russian hackers blackmailed Paypal and asked for a substantial amount of money, they threatened they would publish the details of 53,000 credit cards if they do not receive the money. Russia and American both have signed extradition treaty but still Russian authorities failed to take action, it is still not clear why they did not take appropriate action against the Russian hackers. Both nations struggled to gain jurisdiction over each other. FBI decided to take things into their own hands by setting up a secret operation, undercover agents posed as reprenstatives of a bogus security firm Invita. The bogus security firm invited the Russian hackers to US with prospects of employment. When the interview for employment by the bogus firm Invita was being carried out, the Russian hackers were asked to display there hacking skills, one of the hackers accessed his own system in Russia to show off his skills, the FBI recorded every keystroke and later arrested the Russian hackers for multiple offences such as hacking, fraud and extortion. The keystrokes recorded were later used to hack into one of the hacker’s computer in Russia to access incriminating evidence. All this took place without the knowledge of Russian authorities. When Russian authorities came to know about whole incident, they were furious and argued that US misused their authority and infringing on another sovereign nation’s jurisdiction. Lack of co-operation in relation to jurisdiction can lead to serious problems between nations, in order to avoid such conflicts, there is need to address the jurisdiction issue and come up with a mechanism which ensures that countries co-operate with each other. Where is the Jurisdiction? In the real world crime, the conduct and the effect of the conduct are easy to pin down because we can visibly see the human carrying out the conduct and the effect of the conduct is also visible. The location of the offence and the location of the perpetrator can easily be identified. Imagine a situation in which a shooter in Canada shots an American across Niagara Falls, it is clear from the example that the conduct took place in Canada and the effect of the conduct took place in Canada. Cyberspace is not real, people say that events on cyberspace occur everywhere and nowhere, a man disseminating a virus could release a virus which travel through servers of many different country before reaching the victim, for e.g. a person makes a racist website targeting Jews in Malta, uploads the website on American servers and the website is available for everyone to see, a Jewish living in Israel comes across the website and gets offended. In a situation like this where would you bring an action, should you bring an action in Malta because the perpetrator is based over there, would bring an action in America where the server is hosted or would bring the action in Israel where the victim is? There are specific laws regarding jurisdiction issues on the internet, the world is still struggling to come up with a solution which would solve the problem of jurisdiction. Positive or Negative Jurisdiction? The principle of negative jurisdiction occurs when no country is willing to exercise jurisdiction for a cybercrime. Cybercrime can have multiple victims in different countries; the ‘love bug’ caused damage in many different countries including USA, UK, France and Germany. If the damage is caused to multiple countries then who should claim jurisdiction over the cybercrime, should it by prioritised by the amount of damage suffered by each country. If the effected countries decide not to take action against the perpetrator because it is not in their best interest, the country may be occupied by other internal problems. If no country is willing to exercise jurisdiction over a cybercrime then the perpetrator would walk free. Positive jurisdiction is opposite of negative jurisdiction, how will the issue of jurisdiction be decided if more than two countries want to exercise t